Yves Crozet

Accessibility: a key indicator to assess the past and future of urban mobility

Accessibility is a concept central to integrated transport and land use planning. The goal of improving accessibility for all modes, for all people, has made its way into mainstream transport policy and planning in communities worldwide. This unique and fascinating book introduces new accessibility approaches to transport planning across Europe and the United States.

Sustainable Transport in France: Is a 75% Reduction in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Attainable?

Today numerous published works conclude that transport seems to be completely coupled to economic and export–import growth. Therefore, as a direct consequence of economic development, transport is one of the major final energy consumers and one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Consequently, continuous increases in emissions by the transport sector pose an environmental problem. This paper assesses possible solutions through scenario building in a backcasting manner by using the Transport Issues in the Long Term model. In particular, three scenarios that address how technology and various public policies can contribute to a sharp reduction in CO2 emissions are evaluated. Furthermore, estimates of infrastructure investment needs as well as insight into how transport budgets (time and monetary) could evolve in each of the following three scenarios presented are proposed: the Pegasus scenario, in which strict technology standards are promoted; the Chronos scenario, in which green multimodalities are promoted; and the Hestia scenario, in which the decoupling of transport and growth in the gross domestic product is promoted. Each scenario allows the types of results that can be obtained through different policy mixes to be quickly comprehended. In sum, a realistic technological hypothesis shows that a 50% reduction in emissions from the 2000 level is a clear possibility and that the remaining 25% needed to reach the total French target emissions reduction of 75% is possible through the use of different types of policy mixes.

Passenger Mobility and Climate Constraints: Planning for Adaptive Mitigation Strategies

Today, numerous works conclude that transport seems to be completely coupled to economic growth. Therefore, as a direct consequence of economic development, transport sits today as one of the major final energy consumers and one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, in the absence of major technological change, this unsustainable situation will most undoubtedly get worse in the future. In this chapter, we analyze what different types of public policies aiming at sharp reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions imply on passenger transport and how they can be linked to new behavior patterns affecting time use and consumption. For this, we use the Transport Issues in the Long Term (TILT) model’s core microeconomic choice model (TILT-micro). Through this analysis, we explain the interest of adaptation strategies for GHG mitigation.

Valuation of Road Pricing on Selected European Roads

In Europe roads carry 2,565.4 thousand million passengers-miles, and 741.3 thousand million tons-miles. These figures are very close to the US figures. The continuous growth in social costs linked to the increase of traffic, led European policy makers to develop a strategy that corresponds to the payment of the infrastructure used. For policy makers, pricing is only one instrument among others (others are: regulation, traffic control, infrastructure and land-use planning), but it has an important interest to adapt demand and supply from an economic and social point of view. This paper focuses only on one part of the social cost: external costs in the transport sector. Internal costs (for individuals and for the sector) are not taken into account.