Yves Raingeaud

Modeling of Electromagnetic Interference and PLC Transmission for Loads Shedding in a Microgrid

This paper presents an electric line study of microgrid. To optimize the management of electric sources, generally a proposed solution is the load shedding. To achieve it, the power line communication (PLC) is often used to communicate when it is not possible to add cables. Such technologies use the power line network as a propagation and communication medium. The network quality depends mainly on the power grid topology, but also on the connected household electrical appliances that have a large impact on the PLC systems due to their impedances and noise. In this paper, we propose a new simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) approach for modeling both the electromagnetic (EM) disturbances generated by a printer and the power network. First, the high-frequency power cable characteristics are extracted from S parameter measurements. Then, the model of EM noise generated by a printer is deduced from time-domain measurement and integrated to the SPICE simulator by means of its Laplace transform. Simulation and modeling results of a simple power grid are given in terms of insertion loss evaluation (S21 parameter). A validation of the EM noise model is performed by means of a comparison between simulation and measurement results in frequency domain at several points of a simple power network. The present approach allows the prediction of EM interference generated by all household devices at any access points of a power line network without carrying out a systematic measurement.

Channel modeling and periodic impulsive noise analysis in indoor Power Line

Broadband Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies represent a main factor of the development of the digital convergence voice-data-video in the home environment. Such technologies use the power line network as a propagation and a communication medium whose quality depends mainly on the power grid topology, but also on the connected household electrical appliances which impedance and noise levels have a great impact on the PLC systems. In this paper, we propose a new approach for modeling temporal variations of noise and channel in indoor power line. Three-conductor power cable (phase, neutral and ground) is modeled by a RLCG circuit. RLCG parameters are deduced from the impedance measurement seen by the generator in open circuit and in short circuit. Cable model is validated in both time and frequency domains. Then, the temporal variation of periodic noise is investigated. The global model combining the channel model and the noise variations is validated by comparing simulated results with measurements.

SPICE model for the PLC propagation channel in the high frequency range

Broadband Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies represent a main factor of the development of the digital convergence voice-data-video in the home environment. Such technologies use the power line network as a propagation and a communication medium. The performance and the quality of the PLC link depend on the power grid topology and on the connected household electrical appliances according to their impedances and noise levels. In this paper, we propose a new SPICE approach for modelling power cable based on the extraction of high frequency power cable characteristics from S parameters measurements. The variation of each parameter as a function of frequency is expressed in a polynomial form using a least squares method. Then, we propose to integrate the obtained polynomials into a SPICE model by means of controlled SPICE sources and modeling of power cable using the so-called theory of transmission line. Simulation results of a power cable and simple PLC transmission link are given in terms of insertion loss evaluation (S21 parameter) with a specific appliance connected to the power line network. A validation of this SPICE model is performed by means of a comparison between simulation and measurements results of the insertion loss parameter.

Modeling and Simulation of Temporal Variation of Channel and Noise in Indoor Power-Line Network

Broadband power-line communication (PLC) technologies are one of the main parameters of digital convergence voice-data-video in the home environment. These technologies use the power-line network as a propagation and a communication medium. Its transmission quality depends on the frequency behavior of the propagation medium and the connected household electrical appliances. The impedance of those devices and noise levels has a great impact on the PLC systems. In this paper, a simulator for indoor power-line channels is presented. In this paper, a new approach is presented for modeling temporal variations of noise and channel on indoor power lines. A three-conductor power cable (phase, neutral, and ground) is modeled by a circuit of four elements (resistor R, inductor L, capacitance C, conductance G). The RLCG parameters are deduced from the impedance measurement in open circuit and in short circuit. The cable model is validated in time and frequency domains. Then, the temporal variation of periodic noise is modeled by a stochastic approach. The global model, combining both channel and noise variations, is validated by comparing SPICE simulation and measurement results.

Electromagnetic compatibility between power line communication and powers converters

Broadband power line communication (PLC) technologies represent a main factor of the development of the digital convergence voice-data-video in the home environment. Such technologies use the power line network as a propagation and a communication medium which quality depends mainly on the power grid topology, but also on the connected household electrical appliances which impedances have a great impact on the PLC systems. In this paper, we propose a new approach for modeling the impact of such appliances on the PLC transmission link, based on a measurement of their impedance. The protocol of the impedance measurement is described first. Then, we propose to integrate this impedance measurement into a SPICE model of the PLC transmission link, using the so-called theory of transmission line. Simulation and modeling results of a simple PLC transmission link (1 path) are given in terms of insertion loss evaluation (S21 parameter) with a specific appliance connected to the power line network. A validation of this SPICE model is performed by means of a comparison between simulation and measurements results of the insertion loss parameter in the appliance free case.

HMM-based Transient and Steady-state Current Signals Modeling for Electrical Appliances Identification

The electrical appliances identification problem is gaining a rapidly growing interest these past few years due to the recent need of this information in the new smart grid configuration. In this work, we propose to construct an appliance identification system based on the use of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to model transient and steady-state electrical current signals. For this purpose, we investigate the usefulness of different choices for the proposed identification system such as: the use of the transient and the steady-state current signals, the use of even and odd-order harmonics as features, and the optimal number of features to take into account. This work also discusses the choice of the Short-Time Fourier Series (STFS) coefficients as adapted features for the representation of transient and steady-state current signals.

Modeling and estimation of transient current signals

In this paper, we propose a nonstationary model for transient electrical current signals based on the physical behavior of electrical appliances during their turn-on. This model takes into account the nonstationarity of those transient signals and the special form of their envelope. We also propose an algorithm for the estimation of this models parameters and we evaluate its performance on synthetic and real signals. The measured transient current signals actually reflect the physical phenomena appearing in the electrical appliances when turning on, and therefore, the model estimates of these transient current signals are useful for characterizing electrical appliances and can be helpful for distinguishing appliances in addition to the use of their steady-state power consumption.

Improved Power Quality in an Innovative Bidirectional Inverter Topology

The management of electricity consumption still represents a major issue, and particularly in individual housing mainly to find a good balance between production and consumption. Attention must be focused on the optimization of the cost of electricity consumption and, at the same time, the peak demand. Regarding a smart home management system, the inverter has a central role. Voltage and current bidirectional features are of utmost importance, specifically when an energy transfer is required from a storage system and the AC-grid, and vice versa. This article deals with an innovative bidirectional inverter topology based on sinusoidal waveforms from the generation of sine half-waves. The main challenges are both to improve the power quality of the output signals in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD), and minimize the complexity of the whole converter. Wide band-gap semiconductor devices (SiC MOSFETs) are used to optimize the efficiency of the DC-AC converter while minimizing its size and its weight. Many experimental measurements with low output power (lower than 1 kW) point out the relevance of this kind of topology.

Electrical Appliances Identification and Clustering using Novel Turn-on Transient Features

Mohamed Nait Meziane1, Abdenour Hacine-Gharbi2, Philippe Ravier1, Guy Lamarque1, Jean-Charles Le Bunetel3 and Yves Raingeaud3 1PRISME Laboratory, University of Orléans, 12 rue de Blois, 45067 Orléans, France 2LMSE Laboratory, University of Bordj Bou Arréridj, Elanasser, 34030 Bordj Bou Arréridj, Algeria 3GREMAN Laboratory, UMR 7347 CNRS University of Tours, 20 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France {mohamed.nait-meziane, philippe.ravier}@univ-orleans.fr, gharbi07@yahoo.fr, {lebunetel, yves.raingeaud}@univ-tours.fr

High accuracy event detection for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

This paper proposes a new event detection algorithm for the use in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). This latter is a field where the main concern is to break down, in a non-intrusive manner, the global electrical energy consumption into individual appliances consumption. Detecting events is thus of importance for appliance clustering in event-based NILM systems. A simple and fast algorithm that detects the variations of the signals envelope is proposed in this paper. Its main advantage is the high localization accuracy of the start times of events. Its performance is evaluated using simulated and real data and is compared to one of the recently proposed algorithms in the field. Simulations show that the proposed detection algorithm gives 100 % precision and 97.13 % recall at a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 50 dB.