Z. Fuat Toprak

Climatic identity assessment of the climate change

In the last few decades, due to the potentially serious impacts upon the atmosphere, earth, and ocean the climate change issue become internationally disputable subject among many scientists including various specialists such as climatologists, atmospheric researchers, oceanographers, hydro-meteorologists, agriculturalists, in particular, local administrators in addition to politicians, as well as the people at different aspects of the life. The main goal of this study is to present a review on global climate change with various dimensions. In order to determine and follow the existence and the local impacts of global climate change for any country or region, reliable data are needed essentially in a comparative, illustrative, and visual format. For an effective basis, it is appropriate to use internationally recognised scenarios in addition to national linguistic (verbal) as well as numerical data and a common format for the meteorological observations and measurements. Therefore, it is another aim of th...

A Review of Proposed Techniques for Modeling Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Natural Channels

The World is facing a global climate change, while the worlds population continues to grow. Therefore, providing sufficient water has become increasingly difficult in the last few decades. Artificially providing fresh water requires complex technology and economic investment. This is almost impossible, especially in underdeveloped countries. Due to these issues, water scarcity and/or stress is expected to rise dramatically in many regions in the world in the near future. Furthermore, current fresh water resources are vulnerable to pollutants (nuclear, biological, physical, and chemical). Conservation of fresh water resources has therefore become a critical issue. As is well known, the main fresh water sources are rivers and natural streams. Convective longitudinal dispersion is the most effective parameter in such sources. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient represents the rate of pollution and it is mostly used in water pollution modeling studies. Hence, learning the longitudinal dispersion mechanism in natural channels is vitally important to control water pollution. This papers main purpose is to present a significant review and criticism on the literature related to both the longitudinal dispersion mechanism and the modeling techniques proposed for determining longitudinal dispersion coefficient in natural channels.

Ideal Velocity: A New Concept for Open Channel Flows

It is common knowledge that both fresh water and precipitation have no homogeneous mixture temporally or spatially on the earth planet. Transportation of water from one region to another has always been a part of human existence. The transfer is achieved by water conveyance structures (i.e. channels, pipes, tunnels, galleries, and drains). However, the flow in such structures occurs hydraulically and can be divided into two main classes: (1) pipe flow and (2) open channel flow. There are many published studies in the current literature on modeling pipe or open canal flows. In this study, following a relevant discussion on existing literature, a new concept of “ideal velocity” is introduced. Furthermore, ideal discharge and Reynolds and Froude numbers, which are currently used in computational hydraulics, are re-modified following the new concept. The simplification of such equations by the new concept will conveniently solve many hydraulic problems, particularly in pipe and open canal manufacturing sectors. KeywordsIdeal Velocity; Open Canal Hydraulics; Open Canal Flows; Open Canal Manufacturing