Zdravka Sever

In vitro sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum, F. avenaceum and F. verticillioides to carbendazim, tebuconazole, flutriafol, metconazole and prochloraz

Growth of 13 F. graminearum isolates, 6 F. avenaceum isolates and 6 F. verticillioides isolates was analysed on potato-dextrose agar amended with 0.1, 0.33, 1, 3.3 and 10 mg l-1 of carbendazim, tebuconazole, flutriafol, metconazole, and prochloraz. Average concentration which reduced mycelial growth by 50% comparing it to control (EC50) was calculated for each isolate. Among fungicides tested, prochloraz was shown to be the most effective in growth inhibition of all three species, while flutirafol was proven to be the least effective. Metocnazole was more efficient in comparison with carbendazim and tebuconazole. EC50 values of all isolates on prochloraz were lower than 0.1 mg l-1, while on flutirafol they ranged between 1.66 and 8.51 mg l-1 for 18 isolates, or were higher than 10 mg l-1 for 7 isolates. EC50 values on carbendazim were 0.39-1.41 mg l-1 for F. graminearum isolates, 0.91-1.35 mg l-1 for F. avenaceum, and 0.47-0.6 mg l-1 for F. verticillioides. EC50 values on tebuconazole were 0.85- 2.57 mg l-1 for F. graminearum, 0.85-1.58 mg l-1 for F. avenaceum and 0.22-0.85 mg l-1 for F. verticillioides, while on metconazole EC50 values ranged between less than 0.1 mg l-1 to 1.66, 0.56, and 0.17 mg l-1 for F. graminearum, F. avenaceum and F. verticillioides, respectively. Average growth inhibitions of different Fusarium species and all Fusarium isolates together on different concentrations of fungicides tested were significantly different. Significant differences in growth were not determined among isolates of the same species on neither one of fungicides tested, indicating that no decreased sensitivity to the fungicides exists among isolates included in the study.

Identification of Fusarium Species Isolated from Stored Apple Fruit in Croatia

Abstract Several species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data. We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite. Fuzarijsku trulež ploda jabuke može uzrokovati veći broj vrsta roda Fusarium. Budući da je taksonomija roda Fusarium vrlo kompleksna te je podložna neprestanim promjenama posljednjih godina, cilj ovog rada bio je identificirati vrste roda Fusarium, izolirane sa zaraženih plodova jabuke na temelju morfoloških karakteristika i molekularnih analiza. Skupljena su ukupno 32 izolata roda Fusarium sa zaraženih plodova jabuke kultivara Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared i Pink Lady, nakon skladištenja u ULO („Ultra Low Oxygen“) uvjetima. Fuzarijska je trulež zabilježena na 9,4 % do 33,2 % plodova zahvaćenih skladišnim bolestima. Simptomi fuzarijske truleži bili su slični kod sva četiri kultivara, a javljali su se u obliku smeđe, mekane nekroze koja se postepeno širi, uz pojavu ili bez pojave vidljive sporulacije na površini ploda. Vrste su identificirane na temelju morfoloških karakteristika na krumpirsko-dekstroznom agaru (KDA) i agaru s listićem karanfila (LKA). Ukupno je 21 izolat determiniran kao vrsta Fusarium avenaceum, što je potvrđeno i lančanom reakcijom polimerazom (PCR) uz uporabu specifičnog para početnica FA-ITSF i FA-ITSR. Vrste F.pseudograminearum, F. semitectum, F. crookwellense i F. compactum identificirane su na temelju morfologije. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je F. avenaceum, vrsta koja je potencijalni proizvođač nekoliko mikotoksina, dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke nakon skladištenja. Visok postotak zaraze fuzarijskom truleži može izazvati kontaminaciju sokova jabuke i ostalih proizvoda mikotoksinima, sekundarnim metabolitima vrsta Fusarium štetnih za ljudsko zdravlje. Testovi patogenosti pokazali su da većina izolata uzrokuje pojavu tipičnih simptoma fuzarijske truleži nakon inokulacije na oštećeni plod. Navedeno upućuje na činjenicu da je F. avenaceum, kao dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke tipičan parazit rana

Effects of Ocimum spp. essential oil on Monilinia laxa in vitro

One of the most important postharvest diseases of peach and nectarine is brown rot caused by the fungus Monilinia laxa. Increasing concern related to the toxic effect of the pesticide residues on fruits has enhanced the interest for the control of postharvest pathogenic fungi using biologically active constituents of plants such as essential oils. Species from genus Ocimum are known to possess essential oils with antifungal and fungicidal properties. The present paper reports the results of essential oil composition of four basil taxa and preliminary screening of their antifungal activity against M. laxa. The greatest effectiveness was achieved by the essential oils from Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens and Ocimum tenuiflorum, whose activity was high throughout the testing period of twenty-three days.

Identification of Fusarium Species Isolated From Stored Apple Fruit in Croatia / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja

Abstract Several species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data. We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite. Fuzarijsku trulež ploda jabuke može uzrokovati veći broj vrsta roda Fusarium. Budući da je taksonomija roda Fusarium vrlo kompleksna te je podložna neprestanim promjenama posljednjih godina, cilj ovog rada bio je identificirati vrste roda Fusarium, izolirane sa zaraženih plodova jabuke na temelju morfoloških karakteristika i molekularnih analiza. Skupljena su ukupno 32 izolata roda Fusarium sa zaraženih plodova jabuke kultivara Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared i Pink Lady, nakon skladištenja u ULO („Ultra Low Oxygen“) uvjetima. Fuzarijska je trulež zabilježena na 9,4 % do 33,2 % plodova zahvaćenih skladišnim bolestima. Simptomi fuzarijske truleži bili su slični kod sva četiri kultivara, a javljali su se u obliku smeđe, mekane nekroze koja se postepeno širi, uz pojavu ili bez pojave vidljive sporulacije na površini ploda. Vrste su identificirane na temelju morfoloških karakteristika na krumpirsko-dekstroznom agaru (KDA) i agaru s listićem karanfila (LKA). Ukupno je 21 izolat determiniran kao vrsta Fusarium avenaceum, što je potvrđeno i lančanom reakcijom polimerazom (PCR) uz uporabu specifičnog para početnica FA-ITSF i FA-ITSR. Vrste F.pseudograminearum, F. semitectum, F. crookwellense i F. compactum identificirane su na temelju morfologije. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je F. avenaceum, vrsta koja je potencijalni proizvođač nekoliko mikotoksina, dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke nakon skladištenja. Visok postotak zaraze fuzarijskom truleži može izazvati kontaminaciju sokova jabuke i ostalih proizvoda mikotoksinima, sekundarnim metabolitima vrsta Fusarium štetnih za ljudsko zdravlje. Testovi patogenosti pokazali su da većina izolata uzrokuje pojavu tipičnih simptoma fuzarijske truleži nakon inokulacije na oštećeni plod. Navedeno upućuje na činjenicu da je F. avenaceum, kao dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke tipičan parazit rana

Identifikacija vrsta roda Fusarium izoliranih s plodova jabuke nakon skladištenja

Abstract Several species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data. We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite. Fuzarijsku trulež ploda jabuke može uzrokovati veći broj vrsta roda Fusarium. Budući da je taksonomija roda Fusarium vrlo kompleksna te je podložna neprestanim promjenama posljednjih godina, cilj ovog rada bio je identificirati vrste roda Fusarium, izolirane sa zaraženih plodova jabuke na temelju morfoloških karakteristika i molekularnih analiza. Skupljena su ukupno 32 izolata roda Fusarium sa zaraženih plodova jabuke kultivara Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared i Pink Lady, nakon skladištenja u ULO („Ultra Low Oxygen“) uvjetima. Fuzarijska je trulež zabilježena na 9,4 % do 33,2 % plodova zahvaćenih skladišnim bolestima. Simptomi fuzarijske truleži bili su slični kod sva četiri kultivara, a javljali su se u obliku smeđe, mekane nekroze koja se postepeno širi, uz pojavu ili bez pojave vidljive sporulacije na površini ploda. Vrste su identificirane na temelju morfoloških karakteristika na krumpirsko-dekstroznom agaru (KDA) i agaru s listićem karanfila (LKA). Ukupno je 21 izolat determiniran kao vrsta Fusarium avenaceum, što je potvrđeno i lančanom reakcijom polimerazom (PCR) uz uporabu specifičnog para početnica FA-ITSF i FA-ITSR. Vrste F.pseudograminearum, F. semitectum, F. crookwellense i F. compactum identificirane su na temelju morfologije. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je F. avenaceum, vrsta koja je potencijalni proizvođač nekoliko mikotoksina, dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke nakon skladištenja. Visok postotak zaraze fuzarijskom truleži može izazvati kontaminaciju sokova jabuke i ostalih proizvoda mikotoksinima, sekundarnim metabolitima vrsta Fusarium štetnih za ljudsko zdravlje. Testovi patogenosti pokazali su da većina izolata uzrokuje pojavu tipičnih simptoma fuzarijske truleži nakon inokulacije na oštećeni plod. Navedeno upućuje na činjenicu da je F. avenaceum, kao dominantan uzročnik fuzarijske truleži ploda jabuke tipičan parazit rana