Zhen Wei Peng

Radiofrequency Ablation With or Without Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Randomized Trial

PURPOSE To compare radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 189 patients with HCC less than 7 cm at a single tertiary referral center between October 2006 and June 2009. Patients were randomly asssigned to receive TACE combined with RFA (TACE-RFA; n = 94) or RFA alone (n = 95). The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end point was recurrence-free survival, and the tertiary end point was adverse effects. RESULTS At a follow-up of 7 to 62 months, 34 patients in the TACE-RFA group and 48 patients in the RFA group had died. Thirty-three patients and 52 patients had developed recurrence in the TACE-RFA group and RFA group, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 4-year overall survivals for the TACE-RFA group and the RFA group were 92.6%, 66.6%, and 61.8% and 85.3%, 59%, and 45.0%, respectively. The corresponding recurrence-free survivals were 79.4%, 60.6%, and 54.8% and 66.7%, 44.2%, and 38.9%, respectively. Patients in the TACE-RFA group had better overall survival and recurrence-free survival than patients in the RFA group (hazard ratio, 0.525; 95% CI, 0.335 to 0.822; P = .002; hazard ratio, 0.575; 95% CI, 0.374 to 0.897; P = .009, respectively). There were no treatment-related deaths. On logistic regression analyses, treatment allocation, tumor size, and tumor number were significant prognostic factors for overall survival, whereas treatment allocation and tumor number were significant prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION TACE-RFA was superior to RFA alone in improving survival for patients with HCC less than 7 cm.

Radiofrequency Ablation versus Hepatic Resection for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinomas 2 cm or Smaller: A Retrospective Comparative Study

PURPOSE To compare retrospectively the effects of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation with those of hepatic resection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measuring 2 cm or smaller. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and all patients provided written informed consent before treatment. From December 2003 to December 2008, 145 patients with a resectable HCC measuring 2 cm or smaller were studied. Sixty-six patients had a central HCC (located at least 3 cm from the liver capsule). As an initial treatment, 71 patients were treated with percutaneous RF ablation and 74 with surgical resection. Of the patients with central HCC, 37 underwent percutaneous RF ablation and 29 underwent surgical resection. Survival curves were constructed with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by using the log-rank test. The relative prognostic significance of the variables for predicting overall survival rates was assessed with multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Complications were observed clinically when patients were admitted and assessed by telephone interview after patients were discharged. RESULTS One death was considered to be related to treatment after surgical resection. Major complications occurred significantly more often in the surgical resection group (38 of 74 patients) than in the RF ablation group (14 of 71 patients) (P = .009). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 98.5%, 87.7%, and 71.9%, respectively, with RF ablation and 90.5%, 70.9%, and 62.1% with surgical resection (P = .048). The corresponding recurrence-free survival rates were 76.4%, 65.2%, and 59.8% with RF ablation and 75.6%, 56.1%, and 51.3% with surgical resection (P = .548). At subgroup analysis of patients with central HCC, 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 96.6%, 93.0%, and 79.9% with RF ablation and 92.0%, 71.6%, and 61.5% with surgical resection (P = .020). The corresponding recurrence-free survival rates were 86.5%, 74.0%, and 67.0% with RF ablation and 68.0%, 40.0%, and 40.0% with surgical resection (P = .033). For patients with peripheral HCC, 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 97.3%, 83.3%, and 65.1% with RF ablation and 87.8%, 68.4%, and 62.9% with surgical resection (P = .464). The corresponding recurrence-free survival rates were 68.7%, 59.2%, and 54.9% with RF ablation and 82.9%, 66.6%, and 52.9% with surgical resection (P = .351). CONCLUSION The efficacy and safety of percutaneous RF ablation were better than those of surgical resection in patients with HCC measuring 2 cm or smaller, especially those with central HCC.

Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Sequential Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization and RF Ablation versus RF Ablation Alone: A Prospective Randomized Trial

PURPOSE To compare prospectively the effects of radiofrequency (RF) ablation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with those of RF ablation alone in the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and all patients gave written informed consent. From January 2002 to December 2006, 139 patients with recurrent HCC measuring 5 cm in diameter or smaller were randomized to receive either sequential TACE and RF ablation (sequential treatment group, n=69) or RF ablation alone (RF ablation group, n=70). The survival curves were constructed with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by using the log-rank test. Bonferroni correction was applied when multiple comparisons were performed. P<.0083 (.05÷6) was considered indicative of a statistically significant difference. RESULTS The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 94%, 69%, and 46%, respectively, for the sequential treatment group and 82%, 47%, and 36% for the RF ablation group (P=.037). The corresponding recurrence-free survival rates were 80%, 45%, and 40% for the sequential treatment group and 64%, 18%, and 18% for the ablation group (P=.005). At subgroup analyses, the overall survival for the sequential treatment group was better than that for the RF ablation group for patients with tumor recurrence 1 year or less after initial treatment (P=.004) and those with tumors measuring 3.1-5.0 cm (P=.002) but not for those with tumor recurrence more than 1 year after initial treatment (P=.421) and those with tumors 3.0 cm or smaller (P=.478). The recurrence-free survival in the sequential treatment group was better than that in the RF ablation group for patients with tumors measuring 3.1-5.0 cm (P<.001) but not for those with tumors 3.0 cm or smaller (P=.204). For recurrence-free survival, there was no significant difference between the two groups for patients with tumor recurrence 1 year or less or more than 1 year after initial treatment (P=.020 and P=.111, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that treatment allocation and the interval between initial treatment and tumor recurrence were significant prognostic factors for overall survival, whereas the interval between initial treatment and tumor recurrence, treatment allocation, and tumor size were significant prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION The efficacy of sequential TACE-RF ablation is better than that of RF ablation alone for recurrent HCC.

Hepatic resection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus

The long‐term survival outcomes of hepatic resection (HR) compared with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) are unclear.

Hepatic resection versus transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization as the initial treatment for large, multiple, and resectable hepatocellular carcinomas: a prospective nonrandomized analysis.

PURPOSE To compare the survival outcomes between hepatic resection and transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization (TACE) used as the initial treatment in patients with large (≥5 cm), multiple, and resectable hepatocellular carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study had local ethical committee approval; all patients gave written informed consent. Between January 2004 and December 2006, 168 consecutive patients were prospectively studied. As an initial treatment, 85 patients underwent hepatic resection and 83 underwent TACE. Of the 29 of 83 patients in whom there was a good response to TACE, 13 underwent subsequent hepatic resection. The remaining 16 patients, who refused hepatic resection, underwent TACE and local ablation. Repeated TACE was performed in patients with stable disease or progressive disease after initial TACE. The differences in survival between groups and subgroups were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to clarify the prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates for the initial hepatic resection group and the initial TACE group were 70.6%, 35.3%, 23.9% and 67.2%, 26.0%, 18.9%, respectively (P = .26). Complication rates were significantly higher in the initial hepatic resection group than in the initial TACE group (P < .01). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates in patients who underwent initial TACE and subsequent hepatic resection were 92.3%, 67.3%, and 50.5%, respectively, which were significantly higher than rates in patients treated with initial hepatic resection (P = .04) but were not significantly higher than in patients who responded well to TACE but refused hepatic resection (P = .07). Tumor size was the independent risk factor for survival. CONCLUSION TACE might be a better initial treatment in patients with large, multiple, and resectable hepatocellular carcinomas; hepatic resection should be recommended to patients who respond well to TACE.

Radiofrequency ablation versus open hepatic resection for elderly patients (> 65 years) with very early or early hepatocellular carcinoma.

This study retrospectively compared the safety and efficacy of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with open hepatic resection (HR) in elderly patients (age > 65 years) with very early or early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become an important treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nowadays, RFA is generally recognized as an alternative treatment to partial hepatectomy for early HCC, especially for patients with impaired liver function and when liver transplantation is not indicated, although some authors consider that RFA can be used as a first-line treatment for early HCC. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is most commonly classified as palliative rather than potentially curative; there is evidence that TACE prolongs survival in patients with well-compensated liver disease and intermediate-stage HCC. Alone, TACE and RFA have their limitations; in particular, neither can result in adequate control of medium or large HCC. Sequential application of TACE and RFA is, therefore, increasingly being used in the treatment of HCC in patients with well-compensated liver disease. In this study, we will introduce our experience of TACE combined with RFA in the treatment of HCC in a cancer center in China.

Role of Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Experience of a Cancer Center in China

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become an important treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The good candidates for RFA are patients with HCC at an early stage (solitary tumor ≤5 cm in diameter or ≤3 nodules ≤3 cm in diameter). Several clinical trials have shown that RFA is effective in resection for the treatment of small HCC. Until now, RFA has been widely used as a radical treatment for small HCC. RFA also plays an important role in the multidisciplinary treatment of HCC and is usually combined with other therapies such as resection, vascular intervention, intratumor ethanol injection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and biological immune therapy. In this study, we will introduce our experience of RFA in the treatment of HCC in a cancer center in China.

Conformal radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma with a multi-pin bipolar system.

To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a multi‐pin bipolar system.

Radiofrequency Ablation Does Not Induce the Significant Increase of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Compared with Surgical Resection in Hepal-6 Tumor Model

Surgical resection (SR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are all currently recognized as important and effective treatment in solid tumors. This study aimed to investigate change in level of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in tumor-bearing mice after SR vs. RFA and the relationship of this level with tumor progression. Hepa1-6 tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously into C57BL/6J mice. The population of Treg cells was measured by flow cytometry at selected post-SR or post-RFA times. Tumor growth was measured by rechallenge in the contralateral flank. The tumor volume was calculated and compared with that of a control group. The correlation between the population of Treg cells and tumor volume was analyzed. A significant increase in Treg cells was observed after SR compared with the preoperative level, while the level after RFA was relatively stable. A significant difference in tumor growth between the SR and RFA groups was observed in the initial postoperative phase but not in the later phase. A correlation was found between tumor volume and level of Treg cells. Our study revealed that RFA stabilizes the level of Treg during postoperative recovery, whereas SR activates the immunosuppressive reaction by upregulating the level of such cells, promoting tumor growth.