Zhu Yuxia

Chapter 13 Studies of iron effects on FCC catalysts

Abstract Iron chloride and iron naphthenate have been used as model contaminants to simulate the deleterious effects of this metal on commercial FCCs. The study of catalysts contaminated with different iron sources shows that the iron content alone cannot account for the metal effects. Its distribution on the catalyst together with the iron source are the key factors, which determine iron-catalyst interactions. Iron poisoning is mainly caused by larger molecular compounds such as iron naphthenate. With iron naphthenate as the iron source, iron was enriched on the FCC surface and caused significantchanges of catalyst properties, such as crystallinity, surface area, pore volume and total acidity that reduced catalytic performance. In contrast, small iron species such as iron chloride had little influence on unit performance. Similar conclusions can be drawn by analyzing industrial equilibrium catalysts from different industrial units. In addition, the iron-enriched nodules of a iron-poisoned catalyst can react to form on its surfacemelted iron oxide congregation and separate iron oxides conglomerates.

Sucrose-template synthesis of mesoporous alumina from aqueous systems.

Mesoporous alumina was prepared by using sucrose as a structure-directing template in an aqueous system. The resultant samples were characterized by using different methods such as x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The results showed that the prepared mesoporous gamma alumina has high surface area, uniform pore size distribution and excellent thermal stability.

Chapter 5 Catalyst CGP-1 for MIP-CGP process to increase cleaner gasoline and propylene production

Abstract From the MIP (Maximizing Iso-Paraffins) process, the MIP-CGP (Maximizing Iso-Paraffins with Cleaner Gasoline and Propylene) process has been developed to produce both clean gasoline and greater yields of propylene. One of the key factors in this technology is the custom designed CGP-1 catalyst. Analysis results show that in the first reaction zone of the MIP-CGP process coke deposit preferentially in the matrix mesopores thus preserving most of the catalyst active sites. In the second reaction zone, olefin produced in the first reaction zone are cracked to form propylene and hydrogen transfer reaction increased to form iso-paraffin. The first commercial trial in Jiujiang Petrochemical Corp. has shown that the olefin content of gasoline produced by MIP-CGP decreased to 15 v%, while propylene yield increased from 6.29% to 8.96%.