Zohreh Khosravi

FC03-01 - The relationship of internet addiction with family functioning and mental health among Iranian students

Introduction One salient impact of information technology on students’ lives is the ever-increasing use of the Internet. Although there exist many reports in the media regarding the unhealthy Internet use among students, research is still limited. Objectives Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relation of internet addiction with family functioning and mental health among students. Two-hundred and eighty students from high school and guidance school were selected by multiple cluster sampling method. They participated in the present study by completing internet addiction questionnaire, family functioning scale and mental health questionnair.The method of this study was descriptive and correlational in order to analyze the results, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (correlations and regression) were used. Results The results showed negative significant correlation between internet addiction and some subscale of family function such as assertiveness, entertainment orientation and religious emphasis. Results also indicated positive significant correlation between 3 subscales of family functioning including dissociation, conflicts and authoritarian family style with internet addiction. No significant correlations were found between other subscales and internet addiction.Regarding the relationship between mental health and addiction to Internet, research results indicate a significant positive correlation between overall mental health score and two subscale of depression and somatization with internet addiction. Conclusions The results of this study confirmed the negative effects of Internet addiction on mental health and emphasized the importance of family on intensifying internet addiction. Hence in designing treatment programs, family environment must be considered.

An inquiry into the effectiveness of bibliotherapy for children with intellectual disability

Background The present study was aimed at developing a grounded theory on how bibliotherapy influences children with intellectual disabilities. Method Participants were selected among the students of four primary schools in Tehran. They received, for 3 years, a special bibliotherapy intervention provided by the public library in cooperation with a team of experts; The bibliotherapy sessions were held once a week during the academic year. 10 teachers, 4 mothers, and 4 agents (librarians) were selected using a purposeful sampling method, and were interviewed using in-depth interviews. Result Data analysis was performed using the grounded theory. ‘Improvement of skills necessary for adjustment to disability’ was identified at the core of grounded theory. Conclusion Bibliotherapy, as a guided learning method and an add-on therapy, based on an accurate identification of intellectually disabled children’s needs and behaviors, providing them with supplemental education materials, empathy, and cooperation among experts from different fields.

Figures of Admiration in Emerging Adulthood A Four-Country Study

Admiration is a social emotion that is developmentally formative in emerging adulthood; admired adults act as mentors, role models, and sources of inspiration to this age-group. The present study explored who and what emerging adults admire in their elders, across four countries (UK, Iran, China, and Russia). A total of 525 participants provided written descriptions of an admired figure. Across all cultures, care and generativity was the most common theme. Cross-cultural differences emerged for the themes of limitations and difficulties (most prevalent in China), autonomy and assertiveness (most prevalent in Russia), intellect and education (most prevalent in Russia), and religion and spirituality (most prevalent in Iran). Males and females in the UK and Russia tended to select admired figures of their own sex, but in Iran and China both male and female participants selected more male than female figures. The findings suggest a common thematic core to admiration in emerging adulthood combined with culturally specific features.

A Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemata Among Homosexual, Bisexual and Heterosexual People in Iran

The current study was conducted in order to compare the Early Maladaptive Schemata (EMS) in homosexual and bisexual people and compare them with the heterosexual group. The 150 study participants consisting of 62 homosexual and 13 bisexual people (mean age = 25.50, SD = 5.09), were selected from several cities in Iran. The 75 heterosexuals were selected from the general population and matched with the study group based on age, sex, and educational level. Each person completed a Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) and a demographic data sheet. In addition, the groups of sexual minorities also completed the researcher constructed Questionnaire. The results show that homosexual group scores in some schemata such as mistrust/abuse, defectiveness/shame, social isolation, emotional inhibition and sacrifice, were significantly higher than the heterosexual group. The results also show that the entitlement schema score was significantly higher in both the homosexuals and bisexuals. Different developmental procedures and negative social attitudes toward sexual minorities could explain the higher scores of some schemata in this group. This study may have also useful clinical implications for mental health professionals working with sexual minorities.

P-185 - Comparison of positive and negative perfectionism among a group of iranian bipolar, depressed and control subjects

Introduction Previous studies showed that perfectionism has an important role in the aetiology and maintenance of a variety of mental disorders. It seems the role of perfectionism in relation to bipolar and major depressive disorders is not clear. Aim In the present study we investigated the differences among major depression, bipolar disorder, and control subjects regarding negative and positive perfectionism. Methods 40 normal subjects as well as 80 depressed and bipolar subjects from Quds hospital in Sanadaj were chosen. Each group consisted of 40 subjects. The control group was matched with the other two groups in regard to sex, age, marital status, employment, economic class and education level. The bipolar and depressed subjects were interviewed based on criteria of the DSM IV in order to confirm the diagnosis. The members of control group had to first fill in the General Health questionnaire (GHQ) and after confirming their health they should have filled in the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS). In the groups of bipolar and depressed subjects GHQ and then PANPS were carried out. Results Results show that there are significant differences among bipolar, depressed, and normal subjects regarding negative and positive perfectionism scores. Also the average score of negative perfectionism is higher among the depressed subjects in comparison to the bipolar disordered subjects. Conclusion According to the present study although both bipolar and depressed subjects showed more negative and less positive perfectionism than the control group, the depressed group showed more negative perfectionism than the other two groups.

FC26-04 - Predicting of life satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among iranian college students

Introduction Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are thought to act as templates for information processing that influence individuals’ emotional reactions to life satisfaction. Objectives Thus,the main purpose of the present study was to predict Life Satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among Iranian college students. Method The research population consisted of 1700 students. Three hundred undergraduate students (150 female and 150 male) selected by multiple cluster sampling method. Short questionnaire form of early maladaptive schema (YSQ-SF) and life satisfaction questionnaire were used in this study. For analyzing the data, Pearson correlation, Step wise regression and dependent t were used. Results Results of correlation showed negative significant correlation between life satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas including emotional Depravation, Social isolation, Defectiveness/sham, failure, Dependence/incompetence Vulnerability To harm illness, Subjugation, Self-sacrifice, Emotional inhibition, Unrelenting Standards /hyper criticalness and Insufficient Self-Control / Self-Discipline. Only three subscales Including Abandonment/ Instability, entitlement/ grandiosity, enmeshment/ undeveloped self, showed no significant correlation with life satisfaction. Result of regression analysis revealed that among 15 schemas, emotional Depravation, Defectiveness/sham and Dependence/incompetence schemas were best predictor of life satisfaction. In addition, the results indicated a significant difference between two groups of male and female students in subdivisions such as mistrust/abuse, failure, vulnerability to harm or illness, and unrelenting standards/hypocriticalness. Conclusions The findings of this study show that the assessment of EMS based on Young’s conceptualization of EMS can increase our understanding about students problems and interventions should be focused on changing these schemas.