Abadal Salam T. Hussain

Study of TiO2 Energy Gap Based Temperature Annealing for High Performance Solar Cells

This paper describes the TiO2 performance based energy gap related to its annealing process. TiO2 is one of the comprehensive band gap semiconductor materials which has been under extensive investigation in recently. This is due to its application in various fields such as photo electrolysis, photo catalysis, dye sensitized solar cells, gas sensor, optical fibers etc. Furthermore, advent of nanotechnology increases its applications many fold and different types of TiO2 have been used for different types of sensing applications. The TiO2 exists in different crystalline forms such as anatase, rutile and brookite. Solar cells consists of mono-crystalline, thin films, dye sensitized solar cells and multi-junction. TiO2 can be produced by using techniques like sputtering, vacuum evaporation, pulse laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxial, sol-gel and chemical bath deposition. Successful annealing process leads to a high performance solar cells. To fabricate the solar cells, there are four types of ways which are doctor blading, spin coat, sol-gel and screen printing. A comparison of annealing process, nanoscale structure and performance output powers been done successfully. The produced TiO2 also been tested with a high power performance.

Efficient Power Generation for Smart Homes Based Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Smart home uses a combination of the renewable energy power resources, the use of power generation from solar cells based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) which acts as the only type which produces an efficient solar cell power to obtain the electricity to recharge the standby storage device from the sunlight. The thin film of Titanium dioxide is synthesized by the sol-gel spin coating techniques at 2000 rpm on the glass. The films have a constant thickness of ~240nm. The annealing process consists of 150°C, 250°C and 350°C. The study of the absorbance and the wavelength values are important. At this condition, for the solar cell, the wavelength is around ~280nm to ~330nm. As the temperature of annealing increases the higher absorbance would be produced. The refractive index of TiO2 film is estimated at different annealing temperatures and it increases with the increasing of the annealing temperature. The application is suitable to smart home design. The dynamic output voltage obtained from the solar cells is interfaced with other circuitry such as inverters and interface charging circuit in order to inject the generated power into the standby storage device. The calculated result of this application is efficient to reduce the electrical bill by almost 30% of its original value.

Wind Turbine Farm as an Alternate Electric Power Generating System in Perlis - Malaysia

In many countries fossil fuels are used as the main source to generate electricity, but due to the increase in energy consumption and the rapid depletion of the fossil fuel resources, the demand of alternate energy sources such as solar, wind or hydro power becomes high [1]. In this paper wind energy as an alternate energy resource for electric power generation is proposed in the form of a small wind farm for grid-connected application in Perlis Malaysia. The monthly wind speed data of Perlis which is the smallest state of Malaysia were measured and the wind mill parameters such as Air Density, Blade Length, Power Coefficient and Blade Length were calculated. The mechanical output power of the proposed wind turbine form is calculated to check out its performance and reliability. The results showed that the proposed wind energy power generating system is a good choice and can be implemented in Malaysia to provide enough power for small towns and rural areas.

Operational Optimization of High Voltage Power Station Based Fuzzy Logic Intelligent Controller

This paper discusses the use of the intelligent microcontroller and also discusses the results from the simulation application of fuzzy logic theory to the control of the high voltage direct and alternation current (HVDC)& (HVAC) power station systems. The application considered their implementation in both low and high level control systems in HVDC& HVAC power station systems. The results for the fuzzy logic based controller shows many improvements compared to the conventional HVDC& HVAC control system. The fuzzy logic based controller concept was further successfully extended to high level control of optimization problems such as the power swings. Based on simulation results, HVDC and HVAC breaker design are online protection against unwanted incidents happening to the system.

A High Speed Economical Industrial Control System “Programmable Controller for Industrial Automation” (PCIA)

This paper describes the high speed and the cost effective of the general purpose industrial control system named as Programmable controller for industrial automation (PCIA). It is a replacement of expensive controllers/ PLCs that are used in industries for automation purpose. PCIA is real-time power efficient and reliable controller with a facility of data acquisition and monitoring on its touch screen using interfacing module. This control system can automate any type of industrial machinery and processes. The core element of PCIA is programmable AVR (Advance Virtual RISC) microcontroller which controls each and every action of Programmable controller for industrial automation. It compromises of nine different modules CPU, HMI, digital input, digital output, analog input, analog output, thermocouple module and power supply modules. The software of PCIA is written in C language. Special circuitries are used in power supply and other modules are also used to protect the system from different industrial noises.

Intelligent Controller of High Voltage Power Station Based Artificial Neural Network

In this papermulti-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural networks (ANN) theory is presented as an efficient controllerfor the high voltage direct current (HVDC) power station systems. The results demonstrated successful performance for single mode control using an MLP-ANN based on-line power controller. The main advantage by using ANN controllers such as optimal control system over a wide operating range, which is a capable of on-line adaptation makes the power systems no a prior knowledge and has a huge database with capacity to learn from previous experience.

Early Warning for DC Power Failure System

Electrical systems and devices suffer from unexpected failures due to various reasons such as input voltage fluctuation and low or high voltages. This paper discussedabout the development of a device for detecting imminent failure of electric products such as refrigerators, ovens, Air-conditions and etc. The main objective of this developed preventive device is todetect voltage drop or rise and produce an alarmsignal to enable and activates other protection circuitry.The mechanismof the detector/sensing circuit is based on differentiating the voltage level using dualcomparator; this makes the system more considerate. The method enables real-time monitoring of stability boundaries and the corresponding margin to the observed operating point, which is used to provide an early warning for emerging stability problems.

Power Plant Station Protection System against Voltage Fluctuation

Electrical Power System protection is required to protectboth the user and the system equipment itself fromany fault, hence electrical power system is not allowed to operate without any protection devices installed. Power System fault is defined as the undesirable condition that occurs in the power system. Some of these undesirable conditions are short circuit, current leakage, ground faultand over-under voltage. With the increasing loads, voltages and short-circuit duty in power plant, over voltage protection has become more important today. Here, the component that had been used is PIC 16F877a microcontroller to control the whole system and especially on the circuit breakers as well as the LCT display unit is used to display the voltage level and type of generator that used to serve the load. Sensors are used to measure both thevoltage and the load. The controlled digital signal from PIC microcontroller is converted by using the digital analog converter to control the whole circuit. Thus a device called protective relay is created to meet this requirement. The protective relay is mostlyoften coupled with circuit breaker in a way that it can isolate the abnormal condition in the system.

Integrated DC-AC Inverter for Hybrid Power System

A 300 W/ 50 Hz single-phase sine wave with a 555 timer IC controller was designed, simulated, implemented and tested to investigate output AC power quality. An input 12 VDC power supply, which simulates PV-Wind power source, was connected to the inverter circuit and charge-discharge energy storage was also studied. Results of simulation show that as well as the experiment result is obtained.This paper is present the advantage ofhybrid system wind &solar together in power supply system from the integration between time andlocation. It showsthe evolution of wind-solar in single-phase sine wave power inverter and provides the structure of information and communications technology and equipment.Some main techniques such as the circuit topology and operation modes of the key link, algorithm of the intelligent control charging and discharging and so on.