Abhisek Pal

GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in the methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum leaves

Background: Clerodendrum viscosum is commonly found in India and Bangladesh. Previously, various parts of this plant were reported for treatment of different types of diseases and there was no report on GC-Ms analysis. Objective: To analyze and characterize the phytochemical compounds of methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum using GC-MS. Materials and Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extract was carried out according to standard procedures described in WHO guidelines. Various bioactive compounds of the extract were determined by GC-MS technique. Results: The presence of steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrate was found on phytochemical screening of methanol extract of the leaves. The GC-MS analysis showed 16 peaks of different phytoconstituents namely acetamide,N,N-carbonylbis-, 4-Pyranone,2,3-dihydro-, alpha-D-Galactofuranoside, methyl 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-, Glycerin, Xylitol, N,N-Dimethylglycine, 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro-, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2(1H)Pyrimidinone,1-methyl-, 2,4-Dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylpyrimidine, 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone, 1,3-Methylene-d-arabitol, Orcinol, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Phenol,4,4′-(1-methyl ethylidene) bis etc. Conclusion: The bioactive compounds present in the methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum suggest the application of this extract for the treatment of various diseases by the aborigine tribes.

Current Trends and Future Prospective of Prebiotics as Therapeutic Food

Abstract Prebiotics are therapeutic foods that fuel the growth of beneficial bacteria in the human gut. They are essentially recognized as nondigestible food elements isolated from natural sources, such as dietary fibers. The use of prebiotics in the food and pharmaceutical industries has increased because of their potential as promoters of human health. Their association with human health leads to the potential cure of various disorders including, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, constipation, cancer, and hepatic encephalopathy. Therefore, the production of prebiotics from novel sources is now an emerging research area. Known prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, inulin, and fructans are generally derived from plant roots, seeds, fruits, vegetables, and marine herbs. However, their use as food supplements meets dietary requirements without making any trivial changes to their food preference. Although prebiotics comprise a varied group of biomolecules with diverse mechanisms of action, they all improve human health by enhancing the beneficial bacteria in the gut. This chapter debates the current trends and future prospective use of prebiotics as therapeutic foods, focusing on cutting-edge research outcomes of novel prebiotic sources, and their application in human health.

Preparation and mechanistic aspect of natural xanthone functionalized gold nanoparticle

Herein, a facile scale up and shape variable synthesis of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and reaction mechanism by natural xanthone derivative (mangiferin) has been reported. Mangiferin (C19H18O11; 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-β-d-glucoside), a xanthone derivative is isolated from Mangifera indica L. leaves which efficiently reduces Au3+ ions to Au0 and stabilizes the formed AuNP. The structural, optical and plasmonic properties of synthesized AuNP have been investigated through different instrumental techniques like UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, powder XRD, FESEM and TEM analysis. It is observed that variation of the concentration of Au3+ ions and mangiferin has a great effect on controlling size and shape of nanoparticles. The role of reaction temperature is also notable. An interesting observation is that with same concentration ratio of HAuCl4/mangiferin (0.025 mM/0.002%) at the room temperature kidney shaped AuNP is produced, whereas it is spherical at boiling temperature. Moreover, mangiferin allows high scale synthesis of AuNPs (0.025 mM to 10 mM) without changing the particles size and shape. The mechanistic investigation through UV-Vis, FTIR and GCMS analyses reveal the cleavage of glucose unit and oxidation of phenolic OH groups during AuNP formation. Non-toxicity of mangiferin conjugated AuNP on normal human breast cell line (MCF-10A) suggesting its future application as a drug delivery system and other related medicinal purposes.

Green synthesis of multi-metallic nanocubes

A facile synthetic route and growth mechanism of heterobimetallic cubical nanoparticles Au@AgCl and Ag@AgCl@Au have been developed using Muntingia calabura flower extract. The formation of nanoparticles has been confirmed through UV-Vis, powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The elemental composition of the nanoparticles has been evidenced by EDS analysis. Combing the UV-Vis spectral analysis and powder X-ray diffraction studies, the composition of bimetallic nanoparticles are assigned as Au@AgClNP and Ag@AgCl@AuNP. The prepared nanoparticles display good antibacterial activity which is comparable to standard kanamycin and ampicillin.

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF POLY (LACTIDE –CO –GLYCOLIDE) MICROSPHERES FOR THE CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ZIDOVUDINE

Objective: The purpose of this research work was to develop and evaluate microspheres appropriate for controlled release of zidovudine (AZT). Methods: The AZT loaded polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres were prepared by W/O/O double emulsion solvent diffusion method. Compatibility of drug and polymer was studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The influence of formulation factors (drug: polymer ratio, stirring speed, the concentration of surfactant) on particle size encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release characteristics of the microspheres was investigated. Release kinetics was studied and stability study was performed as per ICH guidelines. Results: S canning electron microscopy (SEM) images show good reproducibility of microspheres from different batches. The average particle size was in the range of 216-306 μm. The drug-loaded microspheres showed 74.42±5.08% entrapment efficiency. The cumulative percentage released in phosphate Buffer solution (PBS) buffer was found to be 55.32±5.89 to 74.42±5.08 %. The highest regressions (0.981) were obtained for zero order kinetics followed by Higuchi (0.968) and first order (0.803). Conclusion: Microsphere prepared by double emulsion solvent diffusion method was investigated and the results revealed that 216-306 μm microsphere was successfully encapsulated in a polymer. FT-IR analysis, entrapment efficiency and SEM Studies revealed the good reproducibility from batch to batch. The microspheres were of an appropriate size and suitable for oral administration. Thus the current investigation show promising results of PLGA microspheres as a matrix for drug delivery and merit for In vivo studies for scale up the technology.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE FLOATING MICROSPHERES OF REPAGLINIDE: OPTIMIZATION AND IN-VITRO STUDIES

ABSTRACTObjective: To develop and evaluate floating microspheres of repaglinide (RG).Materials and Methods: RG loaded noneffervescent microspheres of different ratios of ethylcellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMCK4M) were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol as emulsifier by solvent evaporation technique. Various process variables such as polymer ratio, stirringspeed, concentration of drug, and emulsifying agent were studied. Compatibility of drug and polymers was studied by Fourier-transform infraredspectroscopy (FTIR). Characterization, in-vitro evaluation, and kinetic studies were performed.Results: FTIR spectra have revealed no drug-excipient incompatibility. The average particle size of microspheres was in the range of 312-359 I¼m. Theresults showed that floating microspheres were successfully prepared with good yield (56.15-64.3%), high entrapment efficiency (58.22-70.14%),and good floating behavior (63.1-76.2%), respectively. In-vitro release data indicates appreciable amount of drug is released (62.28-73.27%) from themicrospheres in gastric fluid. The mechanism of drug release founds to follow first order kinetics (r2=0.986).Conclusion: The developed floating microspheres of RG may be used for prolonged drug release for at least 12 hrs, thereby improving bioavailabilityand patient compliance.Keywords: Repaglinide, Compatibility, Kinetic, Ethylcellulose.