Acyr Wanderley de Paula Freitas

Avaliação da qualidade nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar com aditivos microbianos e enriquecida com resíduo da colheita de soja

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics and nutritional quality of sugarcane treated with microbial additives and 10% of soybean crop residue based on sugarcane fresh weight. The variety RB855536 harvested at 16 months of age was used in a completely randomized design with tree repetitions. Addition of soybean crop residue reduced 33% of DM losses and 60% of ammonia-N (% total N) although final silage pH increased. Use of inoculants reduced silage pH only in association with soybean crop residue with no significant effects on the remaining variables. For all treatments, silages had higher contents of fiber and lower DM levels than the material before ensiling. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was significantly higher (P<0.05) on treatments with soybean crop residue compared to the other treatments. Moreover, compared with the material used for ensiling, reduction in digestibility was higher for treatments without soybean crop residue (24.3% vs. 9.3%). Combination of soybean crop residue with sugarcane improved nutritional quality and reduced DM and soluble carbohydrates losses, mainly in the form of gases, diluting the proportion of cell wall components and preventing losses in forage IVDMD. The use of the inoculants L. plantarum and L. buchneri during ensiling of sugarcane is not recommended because no improvement was observed on the chemical composition or fermentation profile of silages.

Avaliação da divergência nutricional de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)

The objective of this trial was to study the nutritional divergence of sugarcane genotypes for feeding ruminants. The following sugarcane genotypes were evaluated: RB72454, RB835486, SP80-1842, IAC86-2480, RB977512, RB867515, RB935566, RB925345, RB977625, SP79-1011, SP80-1816, SP81-3250, and SP91-1049 all harvested at 11 months of age. The discriminatory variables were: neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, lignin, NDF to soluble carbohydrate ratio, NDF undegradable fraction, and rates of NDF and DM degradation. Application of the cluster analyses according to the Tocher approach, using the mean Euclidian distance matrix, yielded three groups of genotypes. Neutral detergent fiber and DM degradation rates were the most important variables for group discrimination contributing individually with 25.64% of the total discrimination power while the least contribution was observed with NDF undegradable fraction (11.54%). The variables NDF, NDF undegradable fraction, hemicellulose, and rates of DM and NDF degradation all showed to be effective to evaluate sugarcane nutritional divergence. Group III formed by the clone RB977512 showed the best responses for the studied variables and as such can be considered of higher nutritional quality for ruminants.

Influência de Rumensin®, óleo de soja e níveis de concentrado sobre o consumo e os parâmetros fermentativos ruminais em bovinos

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil (500 mL/animal/day), Rumensin® (3g/animal/day) and levels of concentrate (0, 25, 50 and 75%) in the diet of bovines, and sugarcane as a forage source, in some ruminal parameters and dry matter intake. There were used four rumen fistulated 7/8 holstein-zebu steers, at 400 kg of live weight. The experiment consisted of four periods of 15 days, in which 12 were for adaptation to the diets and three for sampling. It was used one level of concentrate in each period and oil and Rumensin were distributed in a latin square, as 2x2 factorial design. Ammonia, pH and VFA analysis in the rumen fluid were measured in samples collected at 0, 3 and 6 hours after feeding. The pH was immediately measured by glass electrode, ammonia was analysed by colorimetry and VFA by gas chromatography. Acetate, acetate to propionate ratio and pH were decreased, but isobutyrate, isovalerate, and ruminal ammonia were increased in high concentrate levels. Propionate was increased and acetate to propionate ratio was decreased with Rumensin. Butyrate was increased with oil in the forage diet, but decreased with increasing concentrate. Ruminal ammonia and pH were decreased during sampling time. In vitro deamination activity by the mixed ruminal bacteria decreased by increasing concentrate and increased by adding oil. Dry matter intake increased by increasing concentrate level and decreased with Rumensin and oil. All other main effects and interactions were not significant.

Parâmetros Ruminal, Sangüíneo e Urinário e Digestibilidade de Nutrientes em Novilhas Leiteiras Recebendo Diferentes Níveis de Monensina

The objective of this trial was to study the effects of different dietary levels of the ionophore monensin on apparent digestibility of nutrients and on ruminal, blood, and urinary metabolites in dairy heifers. Samples of ruminal fluid (pre-feeding and 2 hours post-feeding), blood, urine, and feces all were collected from 28 confined Holstein heifers. Diets contained (dry matter basis): 32.84% of concentrate (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, and mineral salt mixture), 33.58% of corn silage, and 33.58% of sugarcane. The following amounts of monensin were included in the diets: 0, 14, 28 or 42 mg/kg of diet dry matter. The experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. Both regression analysis and orthogonal contrasts were part of the statistical model. No significant differences before feeding were observed for ruminal pH and for the ruminal concentrations of ammonia, acetate, propionate, and butyrate by adding monensin to the diets. However, a significant reduction in the acetate:propionate ratio was detected. Conversely, ruminal pH decreased and ruminal propionate increased when samples were taken at two hours after feeding. As before, the acetate:propionate ratio was reduced when monesin was increased from 0 to 42 mg/kg of diet dry matter. In addition, orthogonal contrasts showed a decrease in the concentration of ruminal ammonia before feeding. Including monesin in diet of dairy heifers did not alter the concentrations of glucose and blood urea. Similarly, intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), and neutral detergent fiber were all unchanged by dietary supplementation with monensin. Significant quadratic effects were observed for apparent digestibilities of DM, EE, and TC and also for the excretion of urinary nitrogen.

Produção de forragem de Tifton 85 adubado com nitrogênio e submetido à lotação contínua

The present assay was conducted at the Research and Development of Adamantina, SP, of the Agencia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegocios (APTA) – Polo da Alta Paulista to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on morphological composition, density of tillers, leaf area index, light interception and herbage accumulation in grazed Tifton 85 subjected to continuous stocking system. The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0; 100; 200 and 400kg/ha/year of N), arranged in a randomized complete blocks experimental design with four replications. The grasslands of Cynodon cv. Tifton 85 studied influenced the time of evaluation and of nitrogen levels with a marked effect in morphological composition of the pasture, leaf area index, light interception and population density of tillers that were instrumental in the accumulation of forage. It was found a positive linear effect of nitrogen fertilization on the density of vegetative tillers, totals and herbage accumulation nitrogen fertilization had a marked effect on the amount of total and vegetative tillers, leaf area index in light interception and herbage accumulation. The cultivar Tifton 85 has not reached the necessary conditions for crop growth rate maximum when managed under continuous stocking keeping the grass to 10cm tall.

Capacidade de suporte de pastagens de capim-tifton 85 adubado com nitrogênio manejadas em lotação contínua com ovinos

Este ensaio foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar a densidade populacional de perfilhos, biomassa e densidade volumetrica de forragem, o desempenho de ovinos e a taxa de lotacao em pastos de capim-tifton 85 adubados com nitrogenio e submetidos ao regime de lotacao continua. Foram avaliadas quatro doses de nitrogenio (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg/ha/ano), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repeticoes. Os pastos de capim-tifton 85 sofreram influencia da epoca de avaliacao e das doses de nitrogenio, com efeito marcante na densidade populacional de perfilhos, na biomassa e na densidade volumetrica de forragem, que acabaram determinando o desempenho animal e a taxa de lotacao. Quando manejados em pastejo continuo com ovinos, o capim-tifton 85 possibilita aos animais desempenho satisfatorio, em decorrencia do efeito positivo da adubacao nitrogenada na densidade populacional de perfilhos, na biomassa e na densidade volumetrica de forragem, permitindo maior taxa de lotacao.

Consumo, digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes e disponibilidade de minerais em ovinos, em função de diferentes níveis de cama de frango na dieta

Twenty sheep were allotted in metallic crates during 15 days, to determine the effects of different levels of poultry litter on consumption and nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and on the major elements apparent availability. The animals were distributed in four treatments in a blocks design, with five replicates. Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) hay was the forage source and poultry litter was composed of chopped corn cobs and coffee hulls in the ratio of 1:1. The diets were isoprotein with four levels of hay (80, 60, 40 and 20%), four levels of poultry litter (0, 20, 40 and 60%) and 20% concentrate, as fed basis. The intakes of DM, OM, TDN, TC, NSC, CP and EE of the total diet were not affected by treatments, while the intakes of NDF and ADF decreased with the increase of poultry litter level in the diet. The digestibility coefficients of TC, NSC and EE increased from 59.7 to 64.6%, 88.5 to 93.2% and 1.5 to 30.2%, respectively, with the increase of poultry litter level from 0 to 60% of the diet. The digestibility coefficients of DM and OM did not change, with mean values of 55.8 and 61.9%, and those of NDF and CP decreased from 52.0 to 39.4% and 77.5 to 58.0%, respectively, with the increase of poultry litter level from 0 to 60% of the diet. The nitrogen balance changed from negative to slightly positive with the increase of poultry litter, although high urinary excretions of nitrogen were observed in all treatments. The 40 and 60% of poultry litter in the diet increased the supply of crude protein and magnesium, compared to the forage, and supplied more than 100% of the requirements of Ca, P, Na and K to the animals. However, the apparent availabilities of Ca and P were low and negative, respectively.