Adel Zaghloul

Effects of xylazine hydrochloride on hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory stress responses to lateral recumbency and claw trimming in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE To investigate the hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine hydrochloride on dairy cows undergoing lateral recumbency and claw trimming. DESIGN Prospective crossover study. ANIMALS 6 healthy Holstein-Friesian cows. PROCEDURES Cows were treated with xylazine (0.05 mg/kg [0.023 mg/lb], IM) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution 15 minutes before being placed in lateral recumbency for claw trimming. As a third treatment, cows also received xylazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM) but underwent no further manipulation. At preset time intervals, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood gas values, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, insulin, glucose, lactate, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured, and signs of sedation and ruminal bloat were recorded. RESULTS Saline solution treatment resulted in a temporary significant increase in SAP, diastolic arterial blood pressure, MAP, RR, and cortisol, lactate, and NEFA concentrations and a significant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation (Sao(2)). Xylazine treatment induced significant decreases in HR, RR, MAP, insulin and NEFA concentrations, and Sao(2) and induced significant increases in glucose concentration. Compared with saline solution treatment, HR, RR, MAP, Sao(2), and cortisol, lactate, and NEFA concentrations were significantly decreased with xylazine treatment. Xylazine treatment resulted in mild signs of sedation as well as clinically negligible ruminal bloat. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Xylazine administered in a low dose to cows preceding lateral recumbency for claw trimming decreased hormonal and metabolic stress responses, but augmented the respiratory depressive effect of lateral recumbency reflected by a decreased Pao and increased Paco(2).

Assessment of digital flexors tenorrhaphy in equine: a review

Although all of the tendinous structures can be injured, the digital flexor tendons are commonly affected. The goals of tendon surgical reconstruction are to provide a strong anastomosis site, re-establish normal vascularization, restore the tendon microanatomy, functional length and minimize formation of restrictive adhesions that adversely affect the gliding function of the injured tendons. Various techniques of digital flexors tenorrhaphy have been described; either by different suture pattern, prosthetic materials, natural bio-absorbable materials, tendon transplantation and tendon shielding. This review highlights the recent assessment of different techniques used for digital flexors tenorrhaphy in equine and evaluation of the extent and quality of the digital flexor tendons healing and case prognosis after these surgical manoeuvres by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biomechanical properties and histopathological examinations. It could be concluded that the use of preserved bio-absorbable augmentation devices either glycerolized bovine pericardium (GBP) xenograft, allograft and allograft shielding with GBP were a good alternative technique accelerating digital flexor tendons repair with restoring their biomechanical properties. Ultrasonography and MRI have provided accurate methods in monitoring the status of healing progression after tenorrhaphy in equine.

Ultrasonography of normal reticulum in 30 healthy buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Reticulum is incriminated in most cases of gastrointestinal disturbances in bovines and should be firstly examined. The aim of the present study was to assess ultrasonographic appearance and relation of reticulum to its surrounding in a normal buffalo (N = 30). Sonographic examination was performed in a standing nonsedated buffalo using 3.5-MHz convex transducer. B and M modes of display were used for examination. Reticulum appeared as a half-moon-shaped structure with a smooth contour; it could be easily accessed from the left and right ventral thoracic region than from midline. Biphasic contraction was recorded in all examined buffalo while only four animals had a triphasic contraction. Four to five contractions were recorded during a 4-minute examination period. The mean distance between reticulum and left abdominal wall was 1.603±0.566 cm. The duration of the first and second reticular contractions were 3.080±0.43 and 4.407±0.796 sec, respectively. However, the duration of relaxation interval was 42.63±3.187 sec. The amplitude of first contraction was 6.341±1.600 cm. In conclusion, reticular appearance and characters of reticular motility in buffalo is similar to that reported in cows, but reticulum was best accessed from left and right ventral thorax than from midline. M mode of display is an alternative tool for evaluation of reticular motility. The result of the present study could be used as a reference for reticular examination in a healthy buffalo.

Synergistic efficacy of tramadol and meloxicam on alleviation of pain and selected immunological variables after sciatic nerve ligation in rats

Abstract This study was performed for evaluation of the effect of pre-operative and post-operative administration of tramadol and meloxicam combination on hyperalgesia and selected inflammatory responses after sciatic nerve ligation in rats. An eighty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two groups; preemptive analgesic group, in which the rats received analgesic agents 30 min before nerve ligation. Also the nociceptive pain tests were detected before surgery, 120 and 150 min post-analgesics injection. The serum IL-6 and PGE-2 concentrations were detected at 150 min post-analgesics injection. The second group was post-operative analgesic group; in which the rats exposed for the nerve ligation then the rats received analgesic agents at 5 till 11 day’s post-operative. Behavioral tests were performed before surgery and on each even days post-operatively. The serum concentration of IL-6 and PGE-2 was determined at 5, 10 and 14 days post-operative. Tramadol and meloxicam combination had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) reverse hyperalgesia while preemptive administration of tramadol and meloxicam significantly decreased (P < 0.05) serum IL-6 production compared to post-operative treatment. In conclusion, the preemptive combination of tramadol and meloxicam produced a potent analgesic effect post nerve ligation in rats.

Nanotubes Impregnated Human Olfactory Bulb Neural Stem Cells Promote Neuronal Differentiation in Trimethyltin-induced Neurodegeneration Rat Model.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent self‐renewing cells that could be used in cellular‐based therapy for a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimers diseases (AD), Parkinsons disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Being multipotent in nature, they are practically capable of giving rise to major cell types of the nervous tissue including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This is in marked contrast to neural progenitor cells which are committed to a specific lineage fate. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the ability of NSCs isolated from human olfactory bulb (OB) to survive, proliferate, differentiate, and restore cognitive and motor deficits associated with AD, and PD rat models, respectively. The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance the survivability and differentiation potential of NSCs following their in vivo engraftment have been recently suggested. Here, in order to assess the ability of CNTs to enhance the therapeutic potential of human OBNSCs for restoring cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative lesions, we co‐engrafted CNTs and human OBNSCs in TMT‐neurodegeneration rat model. The present study revealed that engrafted human OBNSCS‐CNTs restored cognitive deficits, and neurodegenerative changes associated with TMT‐induced rat neurodegeneration model. Moreover, the CNTs seemed to provide a support for engrafted OBNSCs, with increasing their tendency to differentiate into neurons rather than into glia cells. The present study indicate the marked ability of CNTs to enhance the therapeutic potential of human OBNSCs which qualify this novel therapeutic paradigm as a promising candidate for cell‐based therapy of different neurodegenerative diseases.

Sildenafil Efficacy on Renal Ischemia- Reperfusion Injury in Experimental Dogs

Sildenafil Efficacy on Renal Ischemia- Reperfusion Injury in Experimental Dogs The present study reveals a catastrophic corrosive ingestion injury of upper gastrointestinal tract. A 17 year old boy intentionally ingested some corrosive acid and died due to perforation of stomach and peritonitis. The autopsy findings and toxicological analysis report confirmed that he had ingested sulphuric acid. A thorough literature review of corrosive ingestion injuries, their diagnosis and treatment allowed to show the fatality of such cases depend on the type and amount of corrosive ingested, the state of stomach whether empty or full, the promptness of treatment given and various such factors.

Clinical and biomechanical evaluation of three bioscaffold augmentation devices used for superficial digital flexor tenorrhaphy in donkeys (Equus asinus): An experimental study

The present study was designed to carry out an in vivo and in vitro comparative evaluation of three bio-scaffold augmentation devices used for superficial digital flexor tenorrhaphy in donkeys. Twenty-four clinically healthy donkeys were assigned for three treatment trials (n = 8) using one of three bioscaffold materials (glycerolized bovine pericardium xenograft, tendon allograft and allograft with glycerolized by bovine pericardium). In addition, eight clinically healthy donkeys were selected to serve as control. Clinical signs of each animal were scored and the sum of all clinical indexes was calculated at each time point of the experiment. Four donkeys from each group were euthanized at 45 and 90 days postoperatively, respectively, for biomechanical and histopathological evaluation of treated superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). The failure stress in allograft shielding group significantly increased compared to the corresponding values of the other groups at 45 (62.7 ± 6.5 N mm−2) and 90 (88.8 ± 3.5 N mm−2) days postoperatively. The fetlock angle in the allograft shielding group at both 45 (112.8° ± 4.4) and 90 (123.8° ± 1.1) days postoperatively showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) relative to the values of the other groups and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) when compared to normal angle (125° ± 0). However, the histomorphological findings revealed no remarkable changes between the treatment groups. In conclusion, the failure stress, fetlock angle and histomorphological findings may provide useful information about the healing characteristics of SDFT tenorrhaphy. The bio-scaffold augmentation devices, either xenogenic or allogenic, provide good alternative techniques accelerating SDFT healing with minimal adhesions in donkeys.

Prosthetics and Techniques in Repair of Animal’s Abdominal Wall

The management of abdominal wall repair continues to present a challenging problem, especially in the repair of major defects. Many abdominal wall defects can be repaired by primary closure; however, if the defect is large and there is a tension on the closure of the wound, the use of prosthetic materials becomes indispensable. Many studies have been performed with various materials and implant techniques, without the comparison of their degrees of success, based on sound meta-analysis and/or inclusive epidemiologic studies. This review covered the effectiveness of recent advances in prosthetic materials and implant procedures used in repair of abdominal wall, based on biomechanical properties and economic aspects of reconstructed large abdominal wall defects and hernias in animals. The presented results in this review helped to reach treatment algorithms that could maximize outcomes and minimize morbidity.

Scrotal Pythiosis in a Draft Horse

Scrotal Pythiosis in a Draft Horse Equine cutaneous pythiosis (ECP) has been directly related to the attraction of aquatic zoospores of Pythium insidiosum (P. insidiosum) to the cutaneous lesions, followed by encystation of zoospores in the new habitat. P. insidiosumrequires an aquatic environment and organic substrate (e.g., moist, decaying vegetation) for maintenance of its normal life cycle. The lesions were restricted to the skin and subcutaneous tissues in horses. However, the organism can invade the external genitalia, neck, trunk, dorsal midline, intestinal tract, lymphatic, arteries, lung, trachea, bone, joints, and tendon sheaths. This case report described scrotal pythiosis in a draft horse.