Awad Rizk

Effects of xylazine hydrochloride on hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory stress responses to lateral recumbency and claw trimming in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE To investigate the hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine hydrochloride on dairy cows undergoing lateral recumbency and claw trimming. DESIGN Prospective crossover study. ANIMALS 6 healthy Holstein-Friesian cows. PROCEDURES Cows were treated with xylazine (0.05 mg/kg [0.023 mg/lb], IM) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution 15 minutes before being placed in lateral recumbency for claw trimming. As a third treatment, cows also received xylazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM) but underwent no further manipulation. At preset time intervals, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood gas values, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, insulin, glucose, lactate, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured, and signs of sedation and ruminal bloat were recorded. RESULTS Saline solution treatment resulted in a temporary significant increase in SAP, diastolic arterial blood pressure, MAP, RR, and cortisol, lactate, and NEFA concentrations and a significant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation (Sao(2)). Xylazine treatment induced significant decreases in HR, RR, MAP, insulin and NEFA concentrations, and Sao(2) and induced significant increases in glucose concentration. Compared with saline solution treatment, HR, RR, MAP, Sao(2), and cortisol, lactate, and NEFA concentrations were significantly decreased with xylazine treatment. Xylazine treatment resulted in mild signs of sedation as well as clinically negligible ruminal bloat. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Xylazine administered in a low dose to cows preceding lateral recumbency for claw trimming decreased hormonal and metabolic stress responses, but augmented the respiratory depressive effect of lateral recumbency reflected by a decreased Pao and increased Paco(2).

Surgical Management of Penile and Preputial Neoplasms in Equine with Special Reference to Partial Phallectomy

Penile and preputial neoplasia in horses occurs infrequently and represents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The present study was carried out on a total number of 21 equids (14 stallions and 7 donkeys) suffered from different penile and preputial neoplasia. Diagnosis of neoplasms was based up on history of the case, clinical examination as well as histopathological evaluation. Animals with penile and preputial neoplasms were underwent local excision and partial phallectomy with a slightly modified version of the techniques described by Williams. The diagnosed neoplasms were penile and preputial squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs; n = 15); sarcoid (n = 4); a-fibrosarcoma; and a melanoma. Local excision was curative in all cases except 5 stallions with SCCs. These stallions had extensive damage of the glans penis, free part of the penis and the inner lamina of the internal fold of the prepuce, and they underwent a partial phallectomy with successful outcome. Follow-up information was obtained by visit and telephone inquiries. In conclusion, penile and preputial neoplasms are commonly encountered in elderly male horses and SCCs are the most common type affecting male external genitalia. Partial phallectomy is effective for management of equine neoplasia if they are confined to the glans and body of the penis and there is no proximal spread or involvement to regional lymph nodes.

Synergistic efficacy of tramadol and meloxicam on alleviation of pain and selected immunological variables after sciatic nerve ligation in rats

Abstract This study was performed for evaluation of the effect of pre-operative and post-operative administration of tramadol and meloxicam combination on hyperalgesia and selected inflammatory responses after sciatic nerve ligation in rats. An eighty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two groups; preemptive analgesic group, in which the rats received analgesic agents 30 min before nerve ligation. Also the nociceptive pain tests were detected before surgery, 120 and 150 min post-analgesics injection. The serum IL-6 and PGE-2 concentrations were detected at 150 min post-analgesics injection. The second group was post-operative analgesic group; in which the rats exposed for the nerve ligation then the rats received analgesic agents at 5 till 11 day’s post-operative. Behavioral tests were performed before surgery and on each even days post-operatively. The serum concentration of IL-6 and PGE-2 was determined at 5, 10 and 14 days post-operative. Tramadol and meloxicam combination had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) reverse hyperalgesia while preemptive administration of tramadol and meloxicam significantly decreased (P < 0.05) serum IL-6 production compared to post-operative treatment. In conclusion, the preemptive combination of tramadol and meloxicam produced a potent analgesic effect post nerve ligation in rats.