Adnan Hasanoğlu

Effect of poor oral health on respiratory functions which is one of the important factor of sportive performance

Pulmonary capacity varies with factors such as age, sex, being healthy, body mass index (BMI), habits, and exercising (1). Simple allometric relationships between body structure and lung rates have indicated that the rate estimates are quite high in the youngest age group and quite low in the oldest adolescents. In addition, younger males have greater lung function values than younger females for standing body measurements. Tidal volume and respiratory minute volume increase with exercise. The increase in inspiration is derived from the inspiratory reserve volume. Vital capacity is an important indicator, but in recent years, forced vital capacity (FVC) measurements have become more accepted. FVC is close to VC in healthy individuals. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) has the advantage of being the most reproducible lung function parameter and is normally 75%–80% (2). A decrease indicates large airway obstruction. Oral health is a part of general health and its integrity is impaired by diseases that develop on dental or periodontal tissue. Periodontal diseases are specific infections characterized by the progression of the infections in the gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, destruction of the dental support tissues, and eventual tooth loss (3). These diseases are caused by complex relationships between pathogenic microorganisms and hosts, and are the most common chronic diseases known to the World Health Organization (WHO) data (4). Recent studies have focused on periodontal health and shown that many systemic and periodontal diseases are related. These are diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, metabolic syndrome, kidney diseases, and negative consequences (preterm delivery, low-birth-weight SUMMARY This study aimed to determine the effect of periodontal disease and dental decay, which deteriorated oral health in athletes, on the respiratory system and hence sports performance. The athletes were divided into 3 groups: group 1: no periodontal disease or dental health problem (age: 16.8 ± 4.72 years; 10 male and 15 female); group 2: DMFT 1.7 and 13 athletes with periodontal disease (age: 18.2 ± 4.88 years; 22 male and 22 female); and group 3: DMFT 6.7 and periodontal disease (age: 20.8 ± 4.60 years; 19 male and 23 female). The mean prevalence value, DMFT index, gingival index (GI), forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio, and FVC mean value were evaluated. The mean FEV1/FVC% value of group 1 was 84.8 ± 2.26, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 20.8 ± 4.56. The DMFT index of group 2 was found to be 1.7. Based on the GI assessment, 13 athletes were diagnosed with acute gingivitis. The mean BMI of this group was 22.2 ± 3.49. Based on the respiratory test, the mean value of FEV1/FVC% was 85±2.22. The DMFT index of group 3 was 6.7. No significant correlation was found between FEV1/FVC% and oral health problems of group 2. However, a significant correlation was observed between FEV1/FVC% and oral health status of group 3. FEV1/FVC% decreased with poor oral health, indicating that respiratory values were affected when oral health was bad, influencing the athletes performance negatively.

Determination of the relationship between the wrist isokinetic muscle strenght and the grip strength in tennis players aged between 12-14

Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between isokinetic wrist muscle strenght and grip strength in tennis players aged between 12-14. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (3 female and 6 male) tennis players aged between 12-14 (means 13,22±0,83). Weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the players were recorded. İsokinetic measurement was performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90 º/sec as a warm-up and for comprehenting the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60 º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240 º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque values were recorded. Standard Jamar® Dynamometer was used for grip strength measurements. Grip strenght was performed firstly in sitting position, which is the position of standard measurement. Secondly, in standing position, the elbow was in full ekstansion and the forearm was in neutral position. Thirdly, in standing position the wrist was positioned approximately 30° extension and 10° ulnar deviation. This test was repeated 3 times in all test position and the mean of three scores were recorded. Firstly, the dominant hand, then the non-dominant hand was evoluated. They were allowed to rest for 30 seconds between each grip measurement. Correlation between peak tork of isokinetic muscle strenght and grip strength was done having been used Spearman correlation test. Findings: It was determined that there was a significant positive relation between wrist flexion-extension isokinetic muscle strength and grip strenght in tennis players aged between 12-14. Clinically, grip strength measured in the standard sitting position was found more as compared to the other positions but these values were not statistically significant (p>0,05). Accordingly, grip strength measured in the standard sitting position correlated with much more of the parameters which we evaluated for isokinetic muscle strength comparing to grip strenght measured in the other two positions (p<0,05). Results: It was concluded that isokinetic muscle strength of wrist can be affected by grip strength, therefore measurement needs to be done in the sitting position which maximum grip strength may reveal. The relation of isokinetic muscle strength and grip strength in tennis players Standing position Anatomical position Sitting position (Dominant side)(N) (Non-dominant side)(N) (Dominant side)(N) (Non-dominant side)(N) (Dominant side)(N) (Non-dominant side)(N) r p r p r p r p r p r p Dominant wrist flexion 60°/sec (Nm) 0.444 0.232 0.378 0.316 0.402 0.284 0.192 0.620 0.304 0.427 0.523 0.148 Non-dominant wrist flexion 60°/sec (Nm) 0.727 0.027* 0.648 0.059 0.795 0.010* 0.355 0.349 0.793 0.011* 0.535 0.138 Dominant wrist extension 60°/sec (Nm) 0.828 0.006** 0.496 0.175 0.837** 0.005 0.209 0.589 0.802 0.009** 0.422 0.258 Non-dominant wrist extension 60°/sec (Nm) 0.603 0.085 0.504 0.166 0.557 0.119 0.266 0.489 0.294 0.443 0.672 0.047* Dominant wrist flexion 240°/sec (Nm) 0.226 0.559 0.252 0.513 0.151 0.699 0.109 0.781 0.118 0.762 0.287 0.454 Non-dominant wrist flexion 240°/sec (Nm) 0.218 0.572 0.194 0.617 0.109 0.780 0.063 0.872 0.169 0.663 0.233 0.546 Dominant wrist extension 240°/sec (Nm) 0.753 0.019* 0.630 0.069 0.854** 0.003 0.318 0.404 0.743 0.022* 0.549 0.126 Non-dominant wrist extension 240°/sec (Nm) 0.422 0.258 0.712 0.031* 0.616 0.077 0.570 0.109 0.319 0.403 0.877 0.002** *p<0.05; **p<0.001; p= significant level; r= Spearman coefficient value

A comparison of wrist isokinetic muscle strength in wheelchair table tennis and wheelchair basketball players

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexor and extensor muscles in paralympic athletes. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (4 females and 5 males) wheelchair (WC) table tennis players aged 24+3 and 8 male WC basketball players aged 26+3, met the criteria and voluntarly participate in the study. Body weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the study subjects were recorded. İsokinetic measurement were performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90º/sec as a warm-up and comprehending the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque, peak torque/kg values and flexion/extension ratios were recorded. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare isokinetic muscle strength quantitative variables in athletes. Findings: Isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC table tennis players with 60º/sec speed (p<0,05). İsokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC basketball players with 240º/sec speed (p<0,05). There was no significant difference statistically between the groups in isokinetic wrist flexion and extansion peak torque/kg ratio in all speeds (p>0,05). Wrist flexion/extension peak torque ratios were similar in both groups. When examining the athletes flexion/extension ratios, wrist extensor muscles were weaker than flexor muscles and flexor muscles were average twice stronger than extensor muscles in both sports (Table1). Table 1. Comparison of wrist flexion and extension isokinetic muscle strength, peak torque/kg and agonist/antagonist ratio of wc basketball and wc table tennis players Wheelchair table tennis(N=9)X±SD Wheelchair basketball(N=9)X±SD p* Flexion 60°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 23.41±11.13 8.87±1.65 0.001 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.39±0.13 0.42±0.10 0.499 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 20.26±9.26 8.26±3.11 0.001 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.34±0.12 0.46±0.11 0.048 Flexion 240°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 18.36±8.51 23.87±3.67 0.034 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.31±0.10 0.33±0.03 0.772 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 16.20±6.90 25.45±8.16 0.021 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.27±0.08 0.35±0.10 0.162 Extension 60°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 10,463.86 12.03±3.42 0.289 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.18±0.05 0.16±0.04 0.440 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 8.11±3.24 13.47±3.46 0.007 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.14±0.04 0.18±0.04 0.091 Extension 240°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 7.11±2.56 30.78±8.89 0.001 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.12±0.04 0.12±0.02 0.961 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 6.06±2.78 32.82±9.08 0.001 Pt/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.10±0.03 0.11±0.03 0.560 Flexion/extension 60°/sec Dominant side Ratio 52.16±15.66 60.10±8.71 0.386 Non-dominant side Ratio 58.06±9.41 58.10±6.86 0.923 Flexion/extension 240°/sec Dominant side Ratio 58.43±14.44 62.38±6.49 0.773 Non-dominant side Ratio 61.45±8.32 67.42±5.99 0.083 * Mann-Whitney U Testi Results: We thought that imbalance of muscle strength in the wrist may have occurred because of the use of a WC and requiring the intensive wrist flexors in playing sports. In both groups wrist ekstansor muscles were found to be weaker than wrist flexors and flexor/extensor ratio was found to be imbalance. We believe that all athletes using WC such as WC table tennis and WC basketball players have a strenght imbalance in the muscle of the wrist and as a result, this situation will increase the possibility of injury. Therefore, our study showed that weakness of wrist extensors and imbalance of muscle stenght should be taken into account in WC athletes in athletic training and exercise programs.