Adnan Nurhan Yildirim

Total Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of some Almond (Amygdalus Communis L.) Cultivars

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the total oil contents and fatty acid compositions of some commercial almond cultivars. The total oil contents changed significantly (p<0.05) by year in all cultivars with the exception of cultivar Ferrastar. Total oil contents were changed from 50.90% (Picantili) to 62.01% (Supernova) in 2008 and from 52.44% (Lauranne) to 63.18% (Cristomorto) in 2009. While predominant unsaturated fatty acids were oleic and linoleic acids, predominant saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid. The highest amount of oleic acid was obtained in Glorieta in both 2008 (83.35%) and 2009 (72.74%). Linoleic acid content varied by year and the highest content was recorded in Picantili (26.08%) in 2008 and Yaltinski (30.01%) in 2009. The highest amount of palmitic acid was detected in cultivar Sonora in both years, i.e. as 7.76% in 2008 and 10.11% in 2009. The mean UFA:SFA ratio was 11.73 in 2008 but 7.59 in 2009. Principal component (PC) analysis indicated that palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, arachidic acid, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA) and UFA:SFA ratio were primarily responsible for the separation on PC1

The Relationship Between Growth Vigour of Rootstock and Phenolic Contents in Apple (Malus × domestica)

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different growth vigorous rootstocks on phenolic compounds in leaves of apple. For this purpose it was used the leaves of cultivar ‘Red Chief’ grafted on dwarf (M9), semi-dwarf (M26) and semi-vigorous (MM106) rootstocks. During mid-July, the leaf samples were taken from the middle part of annual shoots. Phenolics of the leaves were determined by HPLC analysis. While significant differences among the rootstocks for p-hydroxybenzoic acid, eriodictyol, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were detected, these differences were insignificant for gallic acid and quercetin. It was shown that semi-vigorous rootstocks (MM106) had higher phenolic contents in total than the other two dwarf rootstocks. In addition, apigenin-7-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, epicatechin, syringic acid, catechin, rutin, resveratrol, hesperidin, naringenin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin could not to be detected. Data showed that there is the relationship between growth vigour and phenolic contents of apple leaves. Especially, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and p-coumaric acid contents were higher in semi-vigorous rootstock than in dwarf rootstock.ZusammenfassungDas Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den Effekt von verschiedenen Wuchsstärken bei Unterlagen auf phenolische Verbindungen in Apfelblättern der Edelsorte zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Blätter der Sorte ‘Red Chief’ verwendet, die auf schwachwachsende (M 9), halb-schwachwachsende (M 26) und mittelstarkwachsende (MM 106) Unterlagen veredelt war. Die Blattproben wurden Mitte Juli aus dem mittleren Teil der diesjährigen Triebe entnommen. Die in den Blättern enthaltenen Phenole wurden mittels HPLC-Analyse bestimmt. Während zwischen den Unterlagen signifikante Unterschiede bei p-Hydroxybenzoesäure, Eriodictyol, Ferulasäure und p-Cumarsäure gefunden wurden, waren die Unterschiede bei Gallussäure und Quercetin nicht signifikant. Es kann festgestellt werden, dass bei mittelstarkwachsenden Unterlagen (MM 106) ein höherer Gesamt-Phenolgehalt enthalten ist als bei den beiden schwachwachsenden Unterlagen. Es ist zu ergänzen, dass Apigenin-7-Glycoside, Chlorogensäure, Kaffeesäure, Rosmarinsäure, Epicatechin, Syringasäure, Catechin, Rutin, Resveratrol, Hesperidin, Naringenin, Luteolin, Apigenin und Acacetin nicht festgestellt wurden. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass eine Beziehung zwischen der Wuchsstärke und dem Phenolgehalt in Blättern besteht. Besonders die Gehalte an p-Hydroxybenzoesäure und p-Cumarsäure waren bei mittelstarkwachsenden Unterlagen höher als bei schwachwachsenden.

Early Harvest Effects on Hydrophilic Phenolic Components of Extra Virgin Olive Oils Cvs. ‘Ayvalık,’ ‘Memecik,’ and ‘Topakaşı’

The study was conducted to determine the effects of cultivar, harvest period, and their interaction on the hydrophilic phenolic components extra virgin olive oils of the cultivars ‘Ayvalık,’ ‘Memecik,’ and ‘Topakaşı.’ Olives were collected at three different harvesting periods: (1) early harvest period-1 (Beginning of spotting), (2) early harvest period-2 (End of spotting), and (3) optimum harvest period. Oils were extracted using the Abencor system. HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatograph) technique was used to quantify the phenolic compounds including tyrosol (p-HPEA), hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA), luteolin, rutin, quercetin, catechin, sinapinic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid. The results indicated that the effects of harvest period on the phenolic components were variety dependent. At the early harvest period-1, ‘Memecik’ and ‘Topakaşı’ had the highest efficiency in luteolin, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid contents, while ‘Ayvalık’ had the highest efficiency in hydroxytyrosol, sinapinic acid, p-coumaric, vanillin, and ferulic acid contents. At the optimum harvest period, ‘Ayvalık’ had the highest efficiency in luteolin, tyrosol, and gallic acid contents, while ‘Topakaşı’ had the highest efficiency in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and rutin content. The highest phenolic content was detected in the early harvest period-1. The content of tyrosol linearly increased with the progress of maturity harvest period, whereas the contents of the sinapinic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid decreased. The oils of ‘Memecik’ variety had significantly higher phenolic content than those of ‘Ayvalık’ and ‘Topakaşı’ varieties.

Mineral Composition of Leaves and Fruit in Some Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Genotypes

SummaryThe mineral composition of leaves and fruits of two myrtle genotypes with yellowish-white and purple-black fruits from Çandır village (Isparta) and a genotype with yellowish-white fruits from Serik (Antalya), all of which had high fruit quality, was determined in this study. The results of the study showed that both leaves and fruits of myrtle were rich in K, Ca, Mg, and P contents. No significant correlation could be found between the fruit colors (purple-black and yellowish-white) and mineral contents of the genotypes. The highest total minerals were obtained from Genotype 11 (with purple-black fruits) for the leaf samples but from Genotype 17 (with yellowish-white fruits) for the fruit samples.ZusammenfassungVon zwei Genotypen der Myrte, einmal mit blassgelben und einmal mit dunkelvioletten Früchten aus Çandır (Isparta), und einem Genotyp mit blassgelben Früchten aus Serik (Antalya), alle mit guter Fruchtqualität, wurden die Mineralstoffgehalte in Blättern und Früchten bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigten, dass sowohl Blätter als auch Früchte einen hohen K-, Ca-, Mg- und P-Gehalt aufwiesen. Es konnte keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen den Fruchtfarben (dunkelviolett und blassgelb) und den Mineralstoffgehalten gefunden werden. Der höchste Mineralstoffgehalt wurde beim Genotyp 11 (mit dunkelvioletten Früchten) in den Blattproben und beim Genotyp 17 (mit blassgelben Früchten) in den Fruchtproben festgestellt.

Kök lezyon nematodları (Pratylenchus spp.)'nın sert ve yumuşak çekirdekli meyve anaçlarında konukçu reaksiyonları

Pratylenchus thornei, P. neglectus, P. penetrans and P. crenatus are common distributed Root lesion nematodes of temperate fruit orchards in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. The objective of this study was to investigate host reaction of these root lesion nematodes on commonly used apple, cherry, peach and pear rootstocks in Turkey. Experiments were established on randomized block desing in screen house with 5 replica. Pratylenchus penetrans developed well and had high population density on the M-9, MM-106 and MM-111 apple rootstocks in year 1. Reproduction factor (Rf) of P. penetrans on M-9, MM-106 and MM-111 in the first year were 6,2, 3,0 and 12,9, respectively. In the second year, Rf of P. penetrans on M-9, MM-106 and MM-111 were 5,6, 2,5 and 10,6, respectively. OHF-333 and Quince-A pear rootstocks showed moderate resistant reaction to P. penetrans. Rf value of P. penetrans was found 1,0 on OHF 333 and 0,5 on Quince-A rootstocks in the first year. And also, similar results were observed on pear rootstocks in the second year. Peach rootstocks GF- 677 showed moderate susceptible reaction to P. penetrans in both two year. Nemaguard, GN (Garnem) and Myrabolon 29 C rootstocks had resistant to P. penetrans. Similarly, P. penetrans did not reproduce on Cherry rootstocks SL-64, Maxma-14 and Gisela-5 in years 1 and 2. Pratylenchus crenatus, P. thornei and P. neglectus did not develope and Rf value of these lesion nematodes were determined lower than 1 value on apple, cherry, peach and pear rootstocks in the experiments.

Promalin ve Tepe Kesimi Uygulamalarının Armut Fidanlarında Yan Dal Oluşumu Üzerine Etkisi

Calismada, 4 farkli armut cesidinde degisik dozlarda promalin ve tepe kesimi uygulamalarinin yan dal olusumu uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Promalinin 0, 100, 250, 500, 750 ve 1000 ppm dozlari Temmuz ayi basinda fidanlara uygulanmistir. Tepe kesimi uygulamasi ise yine Temmuz ayi basinda toprak seviyesinden 80 cm yukaridan kesilerek yapilmistir. Promalin uygulamalari hem yan dal olusumu hem de diger buyume ozellikleri uzerine olumlu etkide bulunmustur. Tepe kesimi uygulamasi ise incelenen ozellikler bakimindan kontrole gore istatistik olarak onemli bir artis saglamamistir. En yuksek dallanma orani 1000 ppm promalin uygulamasinda % 84.37 ile Morettini cesidinde saptanmistir. En yuksek yan dal uzunlugu ise 750 ppm promalin uygulamasinda 23.40 cm olarak belirlenmistir. Fidan boyu en yuksek 750 ppm promalin uygulamasinda 135.19 cm ile Akca cesidinde, en dusuk 1000 ppm promalin uygulamasinda 93.26 cm ile Morettini cesidinde belirlenmistir. Anahtar kelimeler: Promalin, Armut Fidani, Tepe Kesimi, Yan Dal Olusumu