Adrian Paschke

Knowledge representation concepts for automated SLA management

Outsourcing of complex IT infrastructure to IT service providers has increased substantially during the past years. IT service providers must be able to fulfil their service-quality commitments based upon predefined Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with the service customer. They need to manage, execute and maintain thousands of SLAs for different customers and different types of services, which needs new levels of flexibility and automation not available with the current technology. The complexity of contractual logic in SLAs requires new forms of knowledge representation to automatically draw inferences and execute contractual agreemen ts. A logic-based approach provides several advantages including automated rule chaining allowing for compact knowledge representation as well as flexibility to adapt to rapidly changing business requirements. We suggest logical formalisms for the representation and enforcement of SLA rules and describe a proof-of-concept implementation. The article describes selected formalisms of the ContractLog KR and their adequacy for automated SLA management and presents results of experiments and examples from common industry use cases to demonstrate the expressiveness of the language and the scalability of the approach.

Advances in Rule Interchange and Applications

Invited Papers.- How Ontologies and Rules Help to Advance Automobile Development.- Are Your Rules Online? Four Web Rule Essentials.- Session: Business Process, Policy and IT Service Management and Modeling.- KISS - Knowledge-Intensive Service Support: An Approach for Agile Process Management.- Specifying Process-Aware Access Control Rules in SBVR.- A Rule-Based Approach to Prioritization of IT Work Requests Maximizing Net Benefit to the Business.- Session: Rule Languages and Interchange Standards.- A Generic Module System for Web Rule Languages: Divide and Rule.- Towards Semantically Grounded Decision Rules Using ORM?+?.- Towards Ontological Commitments with ?-RIDL Markup Language.- Session: Business Rules, Rule Engines and Applications.- Recovering Business Rules from Legacy Source Code for System Modernization.- An Approach for Bridging the Gap Between Business Rules and the Semantic Web.- Take - A Rule Compiler for Derivation Rules.- Session: RuleML-2007 Challenge.- The OO jDREW Engine of Rule Responder: Naf Hornlog RuleML Query Answering.- Querying the Semantic Web with SWRL.- Implementation of Production Rules for a RIF Dialect: A MISMO Proof-of-Concept for Loan Rates.- Session: Rules, Reasoning, and Ontologies.- Adapting the Rete-Algorithm to Evaluate F-Logic Rules.- Rule Definition for Managing Ontology Development.- Integrating Rules and Description Logics with Circumscription for the Semantic Web.- XML Data Compatibility from the Ground Up.- Session: Reaction Rules and Rule Applications.- Exploiting E-C-A Rules for Defining and Processing Context-Aware Push Messages.- The Use of Ontologies and Rules to Assist in Academic Advising.- Towards Knowledge Extraction from Weblogs and Rule-Based Semantic Querying.- Complex Information Management Using a Framework Supported by ECA Rules in XML.- AIM: An XML-Based ECA Rule Language for Supporting a Framework for Managing Complex Information.

RBSLA A declarative Rule-based Service Level Agreement Language based on RuleML

This paper describes a rule based service level agreement language called RBSLA which is based on RuleML. With this language SLAs can be implemented in a machine readable syntax which can be fed into a rule engine in order to monitor the contract performance at run-time and automatically execute the contractual rules. The declarative logic based approach simplifies interchange, maintenance, management and execution of SLA rules and enables easy combination and revision of contractual rule sets and contract modules

Rule-Based Event Processing and Reaction Rules

Reaction rules and event processing technologies play a key role in making business and IT / Internet infrastructures more agile and active. While event processing is concerned with detecting events from large event clouds or streams in almost real-time, reaction rules are concerned with the invocation of actions in response to events and actionable situations. They state the conditions under which actions must be taken. In the last decades various reaction rule and event processing approaches have been developed, which for the most part have been advanced separately. In this paper we survey reaction rule approaches and rule-based event processing systems and languages.

Rule responder: RuleML-based agents for distributed collaboration on the pragmatic web

The Rule Responder project (responder.ruleml.org) extends the Semantic Web towards a Pragmatic Web infrastructure for collaborative human-computer networks. These allow semi-automated agents - with their individual (semantic and pragmatic) contexts, decisions and actions - to form corporate, not-for-profit, educational, or other virtual teams or virtual organizations. The project develops an effective methodology and an efficient infrastructure to interchange and reuse knowledge (ontologies and rules). Such knowledge plays an important role for (semi-automatically and contextually) transforming data, deriving new conclusions and decisions from existing knowledge, and acting according to changed situations or occurred (complex) events. Ultimately, this might put AI theories on distributed multiagent systems into larger-scale practice and might form the basis for highly flexible and adaptive Web-based service-oriented/service-component architectures (SOAs/SCAs).

Rule representation, interchange and reasoning on the web

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Rule-Based Reasoning, Programming, and Applications

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OASIS LegalRuleML

In this paper we present the motivation, use cases, design principles, abstract syntax, and initial core of LegalRuleML. The LegalRuleML-core is sufficiently rich for expressing legal sources, time, defeasibility, and deontic operators. An example is provided. LegalRuleMLis compared to related work.

Distributed Trust Management for Validating SLA Choreographies

For business workflow automation in a service-enriched environment such as a grid or a cloud, services scattered across heterogeneous Virtual Organizations (VOs) can be aggregated in a producer-consumer manner, building hierarchical structures of added value. In order to preserve the supply chain, the Service Level Agreements (SLAs) corresponding to the underlying choreography of services should also be incrementally aggregated. This cross-VO hierarchical SLA aggregation requires validation, for which a distributed trust system becomes a prerequisite. Elaborating our previous work on rule-based SLA validation, we propose a hybrid distributed trust model. This new model is based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and reputation-based trust systems. It helps preventing SLA violations by identifying violation-prone services at service selection stage and actively contributes in breach management at the time of penalty enforcement.

LegalRuleML: XML-based rules and norms

Legal texts are the foundational resource where to discover rules and norms that feed into different concrete (often XML-based) Web applications. Legislative documents provide general norms and specific procedural rules for eGovernment and eCommerce environments, while contracts specify the conditions of services and business rules (e.g. service level agreements for cloud computing), and judgments provide information about the legal argumentation and interpretation of norms to concrete case-law. Such legal knowledge is an important source that should be detected, properly modeled and expressively represented in order to capture all the domain particularities. This paper provides an extension of RuleML called LegalRuleML for fostering the characteristics of legal knowledge and to permit its full usage in legal reasoning and in the business rule domain. LegalRuleML encourages the effective exchange and sharing of such semantic information between legal documents, business rules, and software applications.