Adriano Henrique do Nascimento Rangel

Influence of the year and calving season on production, composition and mozzarella cheese yield of water buffalo in the State of Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil

This research was carried out to evaluate the influence of the year and calving season on the production, composition and mozzarella cheese yield index (PKM) of Murrah water buffalos. We analyzed a data set of 514 lactations collected from 2004 to 2008, recorded and archived in software of a farm located in Taipu, in the eastern region of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. To assess the effects of calving season, the year was divided into a rainy season (from March to August) and a dry season (from September to February). Results showed that the year influenced daily production and PKM (P<0.05). However, no effects were observed on logarithm somatic cell count (LSCC), fat, protein and total dry extract (TDE). The season had no influence on the variables analyzed and no interaction was observed between the year and the season. The season and its interactions had no effect on water buffalo performance in relation to dairy production and PKM index of mozzarella efficiency.

Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy

Adverse reactions to food intake have very diverse etiology and symptomatology. Regarding milk, its food allergy is presented as lactose intolerance, the sugar in milk, or allergy to milk protein. Despite having different symptomatology, confusions among allergic conditions to dairy and its mediators are common. Milk protein allergy originates from protein components present in milk, causing reactions to either the protein fractions in emulsion (caseins) or in whey (milk albumin). The allergic reaction is type IV mediated by T lymphocytes. The allergic reaction produces severe cellular damage and it triggers physical, mental and emotional symptomatology that may vary in time, intensity and severity. Lactose intolerance is originated by total or partial absence of the enzyme that digests this disaccharide. Lactose intolerance can be primary or congenital and secondary; the former being more rare and severe, the latter being more common. Lactase deficiency can be diagnosed by symptoms associated with cramping and diarrhea. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct a review of available literature on cow’s milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance.

Produção e qualidade do leite de cabras de torneios leiteiros

The objective of this study was to evaluate the average daily production, the physicochemical components and microbiological agents in milk of primiparous and multiparous dairy goats that participate in dairy tournaments in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Analyses were carried out on 111 samples of goat milk from 106 goats (39 Saanen, 6 Toggenburg and 61 crossbred) grouped into categories by number of parity (primiparous and multiparous) and stage of lactation [initial (0 to 30 days), peak (30 to 45 days) and decrease (over 45 days)]. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The multiparous goats had higher average production at the beginning (4.41 kg/day) and peak (5.42 kg/day) of lactation. Between breeds there was no difference for average production (4.62 kg/day), freezing point (-0.488o C), pH (6.64), density (1.030 g/L), fat (3.60%), protein (2.90%) lactose (4.89%), dry extract (8.41%) or total solids (12.06%). Mesophiles (log CFU/mL) and fecal coliforms (log MPN/mL) were found in milk from goats, but no difference was observed between the orders of parity or between breeds. Multiparous goats had higher milk production, but did not differ from the primiparous goats regarding the composition, physical characteristics and microbiology of milk. The milk of 3 breeds (Saanen, Toggenburg and crossbred) presented similar physico-chemical, microbiological and production characteristics.

QUALIDADE MICROBIOLÓGICA DO LEITE CAPRINO EM PROPRIEDADES RURAIS DA REGIÃO DE MACAÍBA/RN

Goat’s milk is an excellent food that can guarantee beneficial effects to human health, but its characteristics are easily altered by the action of microorganisms and by manipulation. The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of goat milk in 11 farms in the region of Macaiba/RN. Samples of milk and swabs from the hands of milkers, utensils and goat teats were collected and transported in a thermal box (10 oC – 12 oC) to the Laboratory of Food Engineering of UFRN. The microorganisms studied were the aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic, coagulase positive and negative staphylococci, coliforms at 35 oC and 45 oC. Regarding the hands of milkers, 56% presented contamination by aerobic mesophilic bacteria. In the analyzed utensils were found, in 18.2%, coliforms at 45 oC and coagulase positive staphylococci, as well as coagulase negative staphylococci (63.6%) and coliforms at 35 oC in 27.3% of the samples. For cold raw goat milk, 10% of the samples presented contamination with psychrotrophic and 17% with coliforms at 45 oC. Regarding goat teats, 52% of the samples had aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts above 103 CFU/ceiling, 61% presented coagulase negative staphylococci and 10% coagulase positive staphylococci, this one of the main agents causing mastitis. Thus, these values indicate that hygienic procedures need to be adopted appropriately in the milking of raw goat milk, requiring guidelines that enable producers to obtain higher quality milk.

AVALIAÇÃO DA CONTAGEM BACTERIANA TOTAL NO LEITE DE TANQUES COM DIFERENTES CONTAGENS DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS

Condições higiênico-sanitárias deficientes durante a obtenção, manipulação, armazenamento e transporte do leite cru podem acarretar prejuízos sobre o rendimento, tempo de prateleira e características nutricionais, sensoriais e tecnológicas do produto. Adicionalmente, o perfil dos consumidores tem sofrido mudanças e sua preferência por alimentos seguros e de qualidade exige melhoria dos processos de produção. Desta maneira, o controle da qualidade do leite é um fator primordial ao desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva.

RELAÇÃO ENTRE GÊNERO E CAUSAS LIMITANTES DE CONSUMO DOS ALIMENTOS ORGÂNICOS NO BRASIL

Nos últimos anos, com o aumento da expectativa de vida e o crescimento da cobertura da mídia acerca de questões relacionadas a saúde, ocorreu um estímulo nos diversos setores de produção de alimentos, ampliando assim a oferta de produtos que proporcionem benefícios fisiológicos além de apresentarem importância nutricional e propriedades sensoriais agradáveis, melhorando a saúde dos consumidores. O sistema de produção orgânica, além de proporcionar benefícios ao meio ambiente, se preocupa com a promoção de relações equitativas e boa qualidade de vida para todos os envolvidos, considerando os impactos ambientais e sociais. Contudo, existem barreiras que implicam na baixa demanda no mercado, quando comparado com o convencional, em função do preço elevado, consumo insuficiente, pouca disponibilidade, curto prazo de validade e baixa exposição de produtos nos estabelecimentos comerciais. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve o intuito de investigar o comportamento de gêneros (feminino e masculino) em relação a causas limitantes de consumo de alimentos orgânicos.

Relationship between mozzarella yield and milk composition, processing factors, and recovery of whey constituents

Our aim was to identify the relationship between mozzarella cheese yield and buffalo milk composition, processing factors, and recovery of whey constituents. A production of 30 batches of mozzarella cheese at a dairy industry in northeast Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte) was monitored between March and November 2015. Mozzarella yield and 32 other variables were observed for each batch, and divided into 3 groups: milk composition variables (12); variables involved in the cheesemaking process (14); and variables for recovery of whey constituents (6). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis. Most of the correlations between milk composition variables and between the variables of the manufacturing processes were not significant. Significant correlations were mostly observed between variables for recovery of whey constituents. Yield only showed significant correlation with time elapsed between curd cuttings and age of the starter culture, and it showed greater association with age of the starter culture, time elapsed between curd cuttings, and during stretching, as well as with milk pH and density. Thus, processing factors and milk characteristics are closely related to dairy efficiency in mozzarella manufacturing.

Evaluation of microbiological, cellular and risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in female buffaloes

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and cellular milk profile for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in female buffaloes and to assess risk factors for predisposition of the disease. Methods Analyses were carried out by standard plate count (SPC), identification of species and antibiotic resistance, somatic cell count (SCC), electrical electrical conductivity of milk (ECM), and lactoferrin content in milk. Teat cups were swabbed to evaluate risk factors, observing hyperkeratosis, milking vacuum pressure and cleanliness of the site. Hence, 30 female buffaloes were randomly selected (15 from a group in early lactation and 15 in late lactation). Results The most common bacteria in the microbiological examination were Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium sp. In the antibiotic sensitivity test, 10 (58.82%) of the 17 antibiotics tested were sensitive to all isolates, and resistant bacteria were Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus haemolyticus, and Escherichia coli. It was observed that positive samples in the microbiological examination showed total bacterial count between 9.10×103 to 6.94×106 colony forming units/mL, SCC between 42,000 to 4,320,000 cells/mL and ECM ranging from 1.85 to 7.40 mS/cm. It was also found that the teat cups had high microbial counts indicating poor hygiene, and even faults in the cleanliness of the animals’ waiting room were observed. It is concluded that values of SCC above 537,000 cells/mL and ECM above 3.0 mS/mL are indications of mammary gland infection for this herd; however, the association of these values with a microbiological analysis is necessary to more accurately evaluate the health status of mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Conclusion Through phenotypic characterization of bacteria involved in the samples, the genera Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Corynebacterimum bovis were the most prevalent in this study. Faults in environment and equipment hygienization are factors that are directly associated with mastitis.

Avaliação dos impactos ambientais e sociais gerados pela utilização do kit Embrapa de ordenha manual na produção de leite de cabra

This study aimed to assess the social and environmental expectations of producers and the exante and ex-post evaluation of the environmental and social impacts of using Embrapa`s milking kit for dairy goats in agricultural family farmers. Two studies were conducted: the first study was conducted in 37 properties distributed between the municipalities of Monteiro/PB, Quixadá/CE e Afonso Bezerra/RN and the second study was conducted on 14 properties in the city of Monteiro/PB. This evaluation of social and environmental impact was done using the methodology of the “Sistema de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental de Inovações Tecnológicas Agropecuárias” (Ambitec-Agro), which were implemented two modules: Ambitec-Animal Production and Welfare. For the study two the data used in this study were obtained through questionnaires and interview with farmers, whose had attributed to each variable a specific value that represents the change provided by the implementation of that technology. The farmers expects that the adoption of Embrapa`s Milking Kit led to overall rates of positive environmental and social impacts, with the Monteiro region, the county showing a statistical difference at 5% level. The adoption of the Embrapa kit has generated positive environmental and social impacts on all properties, indicating that this technology is suitable and may be appropriate in family farming systems.

Silagem de gramíneas tropicais não-graníferas

O processo de ensilagem e um importante metodo de conservacao de forragem. A fermentacao anaerobica do volumoso umido resulta em producao de acidos orgânicos e queda do potencial hidrogenionico (pH) do meio. A ensilagem de gramineas tropicais encontra entraves na queda do pH do meio devido a quantidade reduzida de carboidratos soluveis e elevados teores de umidade, principalmente. Fatores inerentes a planta (teor de umidade, teor de carboidratos soluveis e capacidade tampao) e ao manejo (colheita, tamanho de particula, compactacao, emuchecimento, exposicao ao ar e uso de aditivos) sao os principais responsaveis pelo sucesso da ensilagem de gramineas tropicais. O capim-elefante, a cana-de-acucar e os capins tropicais de generos diversos sao as principais alternativas nao-graniferas para producao de silagem. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se revisar os aspectos fermentativos, perdas no processo e estrategias de reducao de perdas na ensilagem de gramineas tropicais bem como levantar dados sobre o valor nutritivo desse alimento para ruminantes.