Alexander Kubis

Regional Migration, Growth and Convergence – A Spatial Dynamic Panel Model of Germany

Kubis A. and Schneider L. Regional migration, growth and convergence – a spatial dynamic panel model of Germany, Regional Studies. This paper empirically analyses the question of how regional migration affects regional convergence and growth in post-reunification Germany. Addressing the endogeneity of migration and human capital, a dynamic panel data model within the framework of β-convergence is applied, accounting for spatial effects. The regressions indicate that out-migration has a negative but modest effect on regional growth; the expected effect of skill selection is only partly confirmed. In the East German subsample, in-migration increases growth independently of its human capital effect; in West Germany, in-migration lowers growth per se, but this negative impact is offset by the growth-stimulating forces of migrants’ skills.

Economic Structure and Regional Performance in Germany, 2002--2007

This paper explores the impact of industrial clusters on regional growth at the German labour market region level using a regional convergence model. Based on the results of an exploratory study of the geography of German industrial clusters, we are able to differentiate the impact of industrial clustering from a horizontal and a vertical perspective while taking regional convergence into consideration. The results indicate that in addition to an all-German process of convergence, a specific East German one can be identified. The different types of industrial clusters show mixed effects within this framework. While vertically isolated industrial clusters have a negative impact on regional growth in this period, positive growth effects can be identified when industrial clusters show an intra-regional vertical interconnectedness.

Die Identifikation horizontaler und vertikaler industrieller Clusterstrukturen in Deutschland

KurzfassungFolgt man der Überlegung, dass das Clusterkonzept für die regionale Wirtschaftspolitik Ansatzpunkte bildet, um Wirtschaftswachstum sowie Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Regionen zu fördern, so setzt dies voraus, industrielle Cluster umfassend zu identifizieren. Bisherige Untersuchungen bedienen sich dazu einer methodischen Vielfalt, ausgehend von spezifischen regionalen Fallstudien über Input-Output-Methoden hin zu verschiedenen Konzentrationsmaßen. Der vorliegende Beitrag verwendet ein für die empirische Clusterforschung neues Instrument — die Qualitative Input-Output-Analyse. Ihr wohnt nach Ansicht der Autoren die Möglichkeit inne, in Verbindung mit Konzentrationsmaßen einen Beitrag zur flächendeckenden Identifikation industrieller Cluster zu liefern. Insbesondere erlaubt die vorgestellte Methodik die Zusammenführung des Tatbestandes einer kritischen Masse von Unternehmen mit dem Merkmal der Interaktion dieser über Input-Output-Beziehungen auch auf größeren regionalen Untersuchungsebenen. Wendet man die Methodik auf die deutschen Arbeitsmarktregionen an, so wird ersichtlich, dass 103 von 270 Arbeitsmarktregionen über Ansätze horizontaler Cluster verfügen, weitere 28 Regionen beherbergen vertikale industrielle Cluster. 139 Arbeitsmarktregionen weisen gemäß dem gewählten Untersuchungsdesign weder horizontale noch vertikale Cluster auf.AbstractIf regional development agencies assume the cluster concept to be an adequate framework to promote regional growth and competitiveness, it is necessary to identify industrial clusters in a comprehensive manner. Previous studies used a diversity of methods starting with specific regional case studies, input-output methods and different concentration measures. This article presents a new instrument in empirical cluster research — the Qualitative Input-Output Analysis-, which offers the possibility to identify industrial cluster in conjunction with concentration measures. Especially, this method allows the combination of an identified critical mass of regional firms with the necessity of interaction of these firms within an input-output framework. Applying this method to Germany’s “Arbeitsmarktregionen” we find that 103 “Arbeitsmarkregionen” show first signs of horizontal industrial clusters, while only 28 regions are able to attract vertical industrial clusters. 139 “Arbeitsmarkt-regionen” did not show signs of industrial clusters according to the research design.

Do diasporas affect regional knowledge transfer within host countries? A panel analysis of German R&D collaborations

ABSTRACT Interactive regional learning involving various actors is considered a precondition for successful innovations and, hence, for regional development. Diasporas as non-native ethnic groups are regarded as beneficial since they enrich the creative class by broadening the cultural base and introducing new routines. Using data on research and development (R&D) collaboration projects, the analysis provides tentative evidence that the size of diasporas positively affects the region’s share of outward R&D linkages enabling the exchange of knowledge. The empirical analysis further confirms that these interactions mainly occur between regions hosting the same diasporas, pointing to a positive effect of ethnic proximity rather than ethnic diversity.

Selektivität, soziale Bindung und räumliche Mobilität

Selectivity, social ties and spatial mobility. An analysis of preferences for return migration to East Germany. In the public debate, brain drain from East Germany is supposed to be the most critical trend regarding the development and catching up of the New Länder. Therefore, potential for in- and re-migration has attracted much attention at least in the political context. Our contribution analyses the remigration potential on basis of data from a DFG research project focussing on the re-migration intentions of people formerly emigrated from Saxony-Anhalt. The analysis concentrates on the following aspects: the effect of job market success after emigration; the impact of social ties to the origin and the host region and on the selectivity of re-migration preferences. The econometric results confirm several expected effects: On the one hand an individual’s job market success reduces the intention to return. Likewise, the re-migration preference increases for people whose expectations were disappointed. On the other hand, the relevance of social ties to the origin region for re-migration dispositions is confirmed by the estimations. Yet, regarding selectivity of re-migration preferences in terms of human capital econometric results are somewhat ambiguous.

Industrielle Cluster als Ursache regionaler Prosperität

KurzfassungDer Beitrag untersucht im Rahmen eines regionalen Konvergenzmodells den Einfluss, den industrielle Cluster auf das Wachstum der deutschen AMR von 1996 bis 2005 ausüben. Dabei erfährt insbesondere die Rolle der Ko-Lokalisierung von konzentrierten verbundenen Wirtschaftszweigen eine besondere Beachtung. Aufbauend auf den Arbeiten von Schnabl (2000) gelingt es, drei verschiedene Effekte industrieller Cluster zu identifizieren, welche die wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Regionen beeinflussen. Neben den Wirkungen regional konzentrierter Wirtschaftszweige (horizontale Cluster) sowie daraus ableitbarer Wertschöpfungsketten (vertikale Cluster) auf die jeweilige Region selbst, kann ebenso die Rolle dieser Cluster auf die Entwicklung benachbarter Regionen (Spllover industrieller Cluster) identifiziert werden. Die Untersuchung erlaubt hier ihre isolierte Betrachtung und ermöglicht Einsichten über die Wirkung industrieller Cluster unter gleichzeitiger Beachtung regionaler Konvergenzprozesse.Es gelingt der Nachweis von Wachstumseffekten durch industrielle Cluster, parallel zu einem gesamtdeutschen Konvergenzprozess ebenso wie zu einem spezifischen Ost-Konvergenz rozess. Industrielle Cluster stellen somit eine Möglichkeit dar, die Defizite der Ost-West-Konvergenz bei gleichzeitiger Binnendifferenzierung zu erklären. Der relative Mangel an industriellen Clustern wirkt sich aus derzeitiger Sicht in Ostdeutschland nachteilig auf das Wachstumspotential der Regionen aus, da er deren Gesamtentwicklung nicht unterstützt.AbstractThis paper explores the impact of industrial clusters on regional growth at level of Germany’s functionally defined labour market regions (AMR) within a regional convergence model. It focuses especially on the role of the co-location of vertically connected industrial sectors. Based on works of Schnabl (2000) it is possible to identify three different effects of industrial clusters on regional economic performance. Beside the effect of regionally concentrated economic sectors (horizontal clusters) and value adding chains (vertical clusters) on the region itself, we are able to control for regional spillover effects of industrial clusters. Further, the study allows the isolated examination of the impact of industrial cluster while taking regional convergence into consideration.It is possible to demonstrate positive growth effects of industrial clusters along with an overall process of convergence as same as with a specific eastern one. Therefore industrial cluster present an opportunity to explain deficits within the process of East-West-Convergence. Their relative absence of industrial clusters in Eastern Germany influences the growth potential in a negative way.