Alexandre Augusto Nienow

Influência do pH da solução extrativa no teor de antocianinas em frutos de morango

Recently, the study on the chemical composition of the strawberry fruit has been recognized in view of its increased consumption and biological activities. Moreover, the main secondary metabolites found in strawberry fruits are anthocyanins, which are the compounds responsible for the intense red color of the fruit and are widely used as natural colorants by the food industry. In this work, were prepared different extracts with strawberry fruits of the cultivar Oso Grande in order to verify the pH influence on the spectroscopic profile of the strawberry extracts and on the content of anthocyanins. The results indicate that at pH 1,0 the extract showed a classic profile to anthocyanins through ultraviolet spectra analysis and a higher content of anthocyanins in fresh fruits.

Produção de cultivares de morangueiro polinizadas pela abelha jataí em ambiente protegido

A cultura do morangueiro, tradicionalmente produzida a campo, teve seu sistema de cultivo modificado, sendo hoje produzido tambem em ambientes protegidos. Essa tecnologia pode, porem, ocasionar a producao de frutos deformados, devido a polinizacao entomofila insuficiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade dos frutos de morangueiro em ambiente protegido, utilizando a abelha jatai como agente polinizador. Foram avaliadas quatro cultivares de morangueiro (Oso Grande, Tudla, Chandler e Dover), na ausencia e presenca de duas e quatro colmeias da Tetragonisca angustula (abelha sem ferrao Jatai). Os tratamentos constituiram um fatorial 4 x 3, dispostos em um delineamento completamente casualizado, com sete repeticoes e 6 plantas uteis por parcela. Os rendimentos obtidos nas cvs. Oso Grande, Tudla e Chandler demonstram que a presenca da abelha jatai na polinizacao em ambiente protegido contribui para o aumento da produtividade. A cv. Dover e a que se mostrou menos dependente de agentes polinizadores. A presenca de abelhas eleva a porcentagem de frutos comerciaveis. A recomendacao e da utilizacao de quatro colmeias de Tetragonisca angustula para cada 170 m2 de area protegida.

Propagação da corticeira do banhado (Erythrina crista-galli L.) (FABACEAE) pelo processo de estaquia

Swamp corticeira is a native tree with ornamental use in urban landscape gardening with the potential to be used in unprotected and degraded areas due to its rustic feature. However, the difficulty of obtaining seeds due to its low productivity and quality, and consequent lack of uniformity in its germination makes it necessary to search for other forms of propagation of this species. Thus, this study was carried out at the Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine College of Passo Fundo University, aiming to study the formation of Erythrina crista-galli L. cuttings by applying the cutting technique. Doses of phytoregulator Indol Butyric Acid (IBA) and substrates were tested in different types of cuttings (woody plants, semi-woody plants, herbaceous and leafy plants), in four experiments. The results showed that mini-cuttings, collected from less than one- year-old plants are the most recommended (75 % to 100 % of rooted cuttings), considering that the use of IBA decreased cutting mortality by favoring the rooting process. Due to insect attack (Isoptera) to the plants in its natural habitat, it is recommended the formation and maintenance of stock plants in the tree nursery for this cloning garden technique to provide young and healthy material in a larger scale for the propagation of this species by mini-cuttings.

Floração, frutificação e maturação de frutos de morangueiro cultivados em ambiente protegido

The duration time of phenological stages, blooming, fruit set, and maturation periods of strawberry cultivars Oso Grande, Tudla, Chandler, and Dover were evaluated. The study was carried out in a 510 m2 plastic greenhouse, in Passo Fundo- RS, Brazil, in 2003 and 2004. A completely randomized experimental design with five replicates was used in a factorial scheme (cultivars x phenological stages). In the first step of the experiment, both the dates and the duration time of phenological stages were evaluated. In the second step, the number of the days up to the blooming (50% of the area), the fruit formation (10% of the fruit higher than 2.5 cm long), and the date of beginning and end of harvesting was evaluated. The scale used for the phenological stages were : 1= beginning of the flower-bud stage; 2= beginning of petals ; 3= blooming; 4= drying and falling of petals; 5= fruit formation; 6= fruit elongation; 7= fruit receptacle with visible seeds; 8= beginning of maturation, with most of fruits having white colour; 9= mature fruits with 75 to 100% of the surface with red colour. The duration of the nine phenological stages ranged from 36.4 days for cv. Tudla to 40 days for cv. Oso Grande. Stage 4 was the longest stage (11.3 days). In all four cultivars, For cv. Dover, stage 6 was longer as stage 4. Considering the duration time between blooming and fruit set, cv. Dover, was considesed the most precocious.

Capacidade de enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas e de cultivares de pessegueiro tratadas com AIB

Considering the necessity of search more efficacious technique in the peach plant propagation, this work was realized with the objective to determine six peach tree cultivars of the semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings rooting potential (BR 3, Chula, Coral, Eldorado, Marli and Sinuelo), treated with IBA at rates of 1500 and 3000 mg.L-1 (immersed 5 seconds), compared with a control (without IBA). Were used cuttings with 20 cm length, collected in December 2000 (semi-hardwood with 4 leaves) and in April 2001 (hardwood without leaf). The cuttings were done in plastic tubets, containing carbonized rice husk, during 90 days in a greenhouse with intermittent mist. The indol-butiric acid increased, for all cultivars and types of cuttings, the survival and the rooting percentage. The 1500 mg.L-1 was considered the appropriate concentration, providing rooting between 65.3 % to 97.2 % (live + dead cuttings) and 27.9 % to 88.9 % (live rooting cuttings). In this concentration, considering only live cuttings, the most rotting percentage was obtained in Chula, Sinuelo and Marli cultivars with semi-hardwood cutting and Chula and Eldorado cultivars with hardwood cuttings. The hardwood cuttings are more indicated for plant propagation.

Enraizamento e aclimatização de plantas micropropagadas de gipsofila

In the last decade, the cultivation of ornamental flowers for cutting increased as a result of the easiness of adding value to the final product. Among the most cultivated ornamental plant stands out the specie Gypsophila paniculata. The micropropagation technique has been used for young plant production on a commercial scale. The purpose of this experiment was to reduce or even eliminate the rooting phase in vitro. The influence of the indolbutyric acid (IBA), during six acclimatization periods, on rooting was evaluated. The treatments followed a factorial scheme with three dosis (0; 500 and 1000 mg.L-1 of IBA) x six periods (5; 10; 15; 20; 25 and 30 days) in vitro rooting. These factors were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates and twelve shoots per plot. The survival, volume of roots, fresh and dry weight for aerial part and roots were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. To propagate Gypsophila paniculata, cv. Bristol Fairy, there is a need of in vitro rooting phase, and the ideal period is between 25-30 days for later transplantation. No effect of the growth regulator (IBA) was found.

Qualidade do sistema radicular de estacas semilenhosas e lenhosas de pessegueiro tratadas com AIB

O presente trabalho, realizado em Passo Fundo-RS, apresenta os resultados obtidos quanto a qualidade do sistema radicular formado em estacas semilenhosas e lenhosas de seis cultivares de pessegueiro (BR 3, Chula, Coral, Eldorado, Marli e Sinuelo), tratadas com solucoes de acido indolbutirico (AIB), nas doses de 1.500 e 3.000 mg.L-1 por 5 segundos, comparadas com uma testemunha sem AIB. Foram utilizadas estacas com 20 cm de comprimento, coletadas em dezembro (semilenhosas com 4 folhas) e abril (lenhosas sem folhas). A estaquia foi realizada em tubetes plasticos (100 cm3), contendo casca de arroz carbonizada, mantidas durante 90 dias em estufa dotada de nebulizacao intermitente. O uso do AIB aumentou, para todas as cultivares e tipos de estacas, a qualidade do sistema radicular formado. A dose de 1.500 mg.L-1 foi considerada suficiente. O sistema radicular formado em estacas semilenhosas e qualitativamente superior ao das lenhosas, considerando o numero, comprimento, volume e massa seca de raizes; no entanto, os dois tipos de estacas sao viaveis para a producao de mudas.

Polinização de morangueiro por Apis mellifera em ambiente protegido

Este trabalho objetivou comparar a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos comerciaveis no morangueiro, em ambiente protegido, utilizando a especie de abelha Apis mellifera em relacao a ausencia de um agente polinizador. Foram instalados dois experimentos, utilizando-se das cultivares Camarosa, Oso Grande, Diamante e Aromas (tratamentos), no periodo de 05 de maio a 19 de dezembro de 2006. No primeiro experimento, nao havia polinizadores (testemunha). O segundo foi polinizado pela especie de abelha Apis mellifera. Os tratamentos (cultivares) foram dispostos, em cada experimento, em um delineamento completamente casualizado, com seis repeticoes. Foram avaliadas caracteristicas de rendimento, bem como analise fisico-quimica dos frutos de cada cultivar. Quanto ao rendimento, a maior producao obtida foi com a cultivar Camarosa tanto na ausencia quanto na presenca de polinizadores (907,46 g. planta-1 e 1.054,93 g. planta-1, respectivamente), ao passo que a cultivar Oso Grande apresentou menor numero de frutos deformados.

Produção da figueira em ambiente protegido submetida a diferentes épocas de poda e número de ramos

Production of fresh fig (Carica ficus L.) fruits, in the south of Brazil, is limited by drastic rains that cause high losses of mature figs. Drastic pruning delays the beginning of the harvest and low temperatures hinder growth and maturation of fruits in the beginning of autumn. Fig-growing is being studied under protecting environment as technology to extend harvest period, raise productivity and to minimize fruit losses. Fig plants of variety Roxo de Valinhos were grown indoors under dripping irrigation system and three pruning periods (May 15th, August10th and October 5 th) at the second and the third vegetative cycles. Plants were lead with 4 and 8 branches per plant in the second cycle and spaced 0.75 m x 1.90 m and 1.50 m x 1.90 m apart, respectively, and with 6 and 12 branches per plant in the third vegetative cycle with the corresponding plant spacing. A randomized strip-plot design with four blocks was used with two plants per plot. Fig production under protecting environment with fertirrigation is technically viable in the Passo Fundo region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Fig productions were 43 and 41 t ha-1 in the second and the third years, respectively. The pruning carried through in the beginning of August and the plants led with 8 to 12 branches and spaced 1.50 m x 1.90 m apart favored the fruition rate, production per plant and per area and extended the harvest period. Fig growing under protecting environment was an efficient way of preventing losses from fruit splitting and decay.

Produção de pessegueiro e nectarina no planalto médio do Rio Grande do Sul em anos de inverno ameno

The objective of this research was to evaluate peach and nectarine varieties, selection, and yield in the Planalto Medio Region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A total of twelve peach cultivars and nine selections; two nectarine cultivars and one selection, with required temperature lower than 7,2 oC, raging from 150 and 400 hours, were evaluated. These studies were carried out in the 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/00 growing seasons. The experimental fruit trees consisted of three plants from each cultivar, which were grown at 6 x 3 m from each other, conducted according to an open vase shape, and without irrigation. In 1997, the plants were at the beginning of the sixth growth cycle. The results for three grown seasons (1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00) showed that the anticipation of blooming also caused up an anticipation of 20 days in the harvest time. This effect was variety or selection dependent and it was a result of the higher temperatures in late June and during July. Several fruit tree cultivars and selections provided yields above 15 t ha-1. Although peach cultivars Chimarrita, Marli and Eldorado are already widely grown in the Planalto Medio region, more studies are necessary to indicate the best materials, especially because of the weather conditions that ocurred in the last three seasons which were different from normal.