Aloízio Soares Ferreira

Níveis de Proteína e Energia para Codornas Japonesas em Postura

The experiment was conduced to determine the protein and energy levels, for laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), in four experimental periods of 28 days each. Six hundred females quails with 45 days of aged and average initial weight of 138.0g were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in 3x5 factorial scheme, with three levels of energy (2,850, 2,950 and 3,050 kcal of ME/kg) and five protein levels (16, 18, 20, 22 and 24% CP), with four replications of 10 animals each replications. The variables studied were: laying (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day), feed intake (g), feed: gain ratio (g of diet/g of eggs and g of ratio/dozen of eggs, final weight (g), shell egg percentage (%), and uric acid level in the blood serum (mg/dL). The answers of egg production quail performance, respecting the statistical adjustment obtained by means of the quadratic and linear regression models, and the biological interpretation, showed that, to obtain the best productive performance, the quails diets should contain the levels of 2,850 kcal of ME/kg of rations and 22.42% CP, corresponding to 6.02 g of protein intake by bird/day.

Planos de nutrição para leitoas com alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra dos 65 aos 105 kg

Ninety and six crossbred gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat gain, with average initial weight of 65.93 ± 2.78 kg and final weight of 105.50 ± 2.18 kg, were used to evaluate the effect of nutrition plans, based on the effects of lysine levels on the carcass traits of gilts in the finishing phase. A randomized block design, with four treatments, 12 replicates and two animals per box, used as experimental unit, was used. The treatments were constituted of nutritional plans (established by sequential lysine levels) for two different weights, from 65 to 95 kg and from 95 to 105 kg. The isoenergy diets and the lysine levels were obtained by changes on dietary corn and soybean proportion. There was no effect of treatments on daily weight gain and daily feed intake. There was effect of nutrition plans on feed:gain ratio, and the nutrition plan 3 showed an increase of 7.86% in relation to nutrition plan 1 and did not differ from the others. Lysine intake increased as the lysine levels of nutrition plans increased. In the nutrition plan 4, lysine intake was 25.43% higher than the other plans. There was no significant difference of nutrition plans on muscle growth ratio, muscle feed:gain ratio, carcass length, backfat thickness in the region between the last and last but one lumbar vertebra, backfat thickness at 6.5 cm from the midline carcass, carcass yield, lean meat yield, fat yield and ham yield. By economic analysis, the nutrition plan 2 showed the best economic return on feed intake. It can be concluded that the nutrition plan 3 (1.00-0.90% lysine) showed the best results of performance and carcass characteristics.

Whole processed (fermented and extruded) soybean and soybean meal in replacement of dried milk in diet of piglets weaned at 14 days of age

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the use of whole fermented soybean (WFS), whole extruded soybean (WES) and soybean meal (SBM) in replacement to the dried milk (MD) of the diet on the performance, feed intake and morphological alterations on the digestive system of piglets from 14 to 35 day and from 14 to 56 days, and its residual effects from 36 to 56 days of age. Ninety-six crossbreed (Landrace x Large White) piglets weaned at 14 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, four replicates and six animals per experimental unit. The protein source affected the piglets performance from 14 to 35 days and from 14 to 56 days of ages. The piglets that were fed MD based diet showed better weight gain on the first three weeks after weaning and on the total period. However, from 36 to 56 days of age it was not observed the influence of the treatments on the piglets performance. It was observed effect of protein source on villus height (VH) and villus: cripta ratio of pigs slaughtered at 21 days of age, and on the VH of the piglets slaughtered at 35 days of age; pigs fed MD based diets showed higher VH than other treatments. Whole extrude soybean and SBM can replace the MD in diets of piglets weaned at 14 days of age and that the high level of anti-trypsin factors in the WFS compromised the results.The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the use of whole fermented soybean (WFS), whole extruded soybean (WES) and soybean meal (SBM) in replacement to the dried milk (MD) of the diet on the performance, feed intake and morphological alterations on the digestive system of piglets from 14 to 35 day and from 14 to 56 days, and its residual effects from 36 to 56 days of age. Ninety-six crossbreed (Landrace x Large White) piglets weaned at 14 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, four replicates and six animals per experimental unit. The protein source affected the piglets performance from 14 to 35 days and from 14 to 56 days of ages. The piglets that were fed MD based diet showed better weight gain on the first three weeks after weaning and on the total period. However, from 36 to 56 days of age it was not observed the influence of the treatments on the piglets performance. It was observed effect of protein source on villus height (VH) and villus: cripta ratio of pigs slaughtered at 21 days of age, and on the VH of the piglets slaughtered at 35 days of age; pigs fed MD based diets showed higher VH than other treatments. Whole extrude soybean and SBM can replace the MD in diets of piglets weaned at 14 days of age and that the high level of anti-trypsin factors in the WFS compromised the results.

Dietas para leitões em aleitamento e pós-desmame

Two hundred crossbred piglets (Landrace ´ Large White), fed in the period from 14 to 56 days of age, were assigned to a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates, to evaluate the effects of different diets on the piglets performance, relative and absolute weights of liver and pancreas in suckling and post-weaning periods. The treatments consisted of four diets, that were supplied from 14 to 42 days of age, when were replaced by a simple diet (nursing ration). The results allowed to conclude that all diets containing sources of hight protein quality, like integral dried milk and fish meal, withouth supplementary source of energetic foods, like dried whey when supplied pigs from 14 days to 42 days of age, provide the same results for the pigs weaned to the 28 days of age and receiving simple diets with corn and soybean meal.

Plasma sangüíneo em pó em dietas para leitões desmamados aos 14 dias de idade

One hundred and twenty-eight pigs, averaging initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.55 kg and weaned with 14 days of age, were allotted to a completely randomized experimental block design, composed by four treatments, eight replicates and four animals in each experimental unit, to evaluate the levels of inclusion of spray dried plasma (SDP) in diets for piglets, in three consecutive periods: from 14 to 28 (period 1); 29 to 35 (period 2) and 36 to 42 (period 3) days of age. The levels of inclusion of SDP were 0.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 for the period 1, 0.0, 2.8, 4.2, and 5.6% for the period 2 and 0.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0% for the period 3. From 43 to 56 days of age (period 4) all piglets were fed a diet without SDP. During period 1, daily feed intake (DFI) and daily weight gain (DWG) were linearly affected by the increase the levels of SDP, however, the Lineal Response Plateau model was that better fit the data, and was estimated 7.5% of SDP for ADFI and 6.6% for DWG. In the period 2, there was no influence of the SDP levels on performance characteristics. In period 3, there was effect of the SDP levels on the DWG, which linearly reduced as SDP levels increased. However, no treatment effect on DFI was observed. No residual treatment effect on DFI and DWG in period 4 was observed. The dietary SDP inclusion level of weaned piglets at 14 days of age is of 7.5% from 14 to 28 days.

Níveis de plasma sangüíneo em pó em dietas para leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade

With the objective to evaluate the inclusion of spray dry blood plasma in diets for piglets weaned at 21 days of age (5.9 ± 0.40 kg initial BW), a total of 112 animals were allotted to completely randomize block design with four treatment and seven replications with four animals per experimental unit, in three subsequent periods: from 21 to 28 days (period 1), from 29 to 35days (period 2), from 36 to 42 days (period 3). The piglets were maintained in the experiment from 43 to 56 days (period 4) fed conventional nurse diet. The treatments consisted of inclusion levels of 0.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0% of spray dry blood plasma in the period 1, 0.0; 2.8; 4.2 and 5.6% in the period 2 and 0.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0% in the period 3. The average daily weight gain (ADWG) increased in a quadratic form up to the estimate inclusion levels of 4.3, 2.5 and 1.3 of spray dry blood plasma in the diet, in the periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively. No significant effect was observed for the inclusion levels of spray dry blood plasma on daily feed intake and ADWG in the period 4. The inclusion levels of spray dry blood plasma in diets for pigs weaned at 21 days of age should be 4.3 for the first week, 2.5 for the second and 1.3% for the third week post weaning.

Determinação de limites superiores da zona de conforto térmico para codornas de corte aclimatizadas no Brasil de 22 a 35 dias de idade

The objective of this research was to determine the temperature comfort, evaluated in terms of temperature and indices Black Globe Temperature and Humidity (BGTH), appropriate to the creation of quails in the final phase. Were housed 300 quails in different thermal environments. Each group of 60 birds were distributed randomly into 03 chambers, with 10 birds per pen (cage), totaling 15 treatments. The treatments were: CP - Comfort Pressed (temperatures of 26 and 25 oC, respectively, for fourth and fifth week of creation); MH - Moderate heat (30 °C for the fourth and fifth week of creation) and HS - Heat Severus (33 oC for the fourth and fifth week of creation). During the fourth week of creation quail (22-28 days), the best value of BGTH was 75.8 ± 0.9 and for the fifth week of creation (29-35 days) BGTH 75.3 ± 0, 7 (indicative of thermal comfort for this age). It was found that: quail maintained in thermal stress (either hot or cold) during the initial phase can not recover the end of the life cycle, even when reared under conditions of thermal comfort in the initial stage after this period, while kept at temperatures of heat stress is moderate or severe chronic, can not keep up with the normal performance, demonstrating the need to ensure that the thermal environment of poultry is kept in accordance with the appropriate requirements for each age of the quail.

Níveis de proteína bruta na ração de gestação para porcas de segundo e terceiro ciclos reprodutivos

Fifty crossbreed gilts (1/2 Landrace, 1/4 Large White e 1/4 Pietran) with average weight of 154.5 + 2.93 and 175.1 + 8.53 kg at second and third reproductive cycle respectively, were used to evaluate different crude protein (CP) levels in gestation diet. A randomized block design, with five treatments, ten replicates and one animal by experimental unit was used. The treatments corresponded to rations with 10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 14.5, and 16.0% of crude protein. Sow weight gain, piglet average weight at weaning and piglet weight gain were affected quadractly in the second reproductive cycle by crude protein levels.The best estimated performance for sow weight gain was at 13.30% CP level, and 12.80% CP for piglet average weight at weaning and piglet weight gain. Sow weight gain, number of weaned piglets and litter born weight in third reproductive cycle increased linearly. Mortality decreased linearly in both reproductive cycles. Piglets weights and number of piglets born alive were not influenced by any reproductive cycles. It is concluded based in the energy efficiency that the best crude protein level in gestation diet for sows of second and third reproductive cycle, with average weight of 154.5 + 2.93 and 175.06 + 8.53, respectively, would be 13,0%, corresponding to a daily consumption of 234 g of crude protein and 0,66% of lysine.

Fontes e Níveis de Energia Digestível em Rações para Suínos Machos Inteiros dos 60 aos 100 kg

To evaluate the effects from two lipid sources (soybean oil and coconut oil) and of four energy levels (3350, 3450, 3550 and 3650 kcal/kg ration) on performance from 60 to 100 kg boars, eighty animals were used. The experimental design of randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement of 2 x 4 (sources x energy levels), with five replications of two animals per box, was used. Experimental diets formulated on the basis of maize, soybean meal and vitaminic and mineral supplement were feed ad libitum until the end of the experimental period when animals reached 100.40 ± 5.67 kg average weight . There was no effect of the digestible energy (DE) level on the daily feed intake neither on the daily weight gain; however, these parameters were influenced by the energy source and the best results obtained with the use of the coconut oil. The feed:gain ratio was influenced in a quadratic way by the DE levels, when using the coconut oil. No effects of the soybean oil were observed on feed:gain ratio. The efficiency of the energy use for weight gain was improved in a quadratic way when using the coconut oil and linearly worsened when using the soybean oil in the diets. The digestible energy intake was not influenced by changing in the DE levels. The daily intake of lysine was not influenced by the DE levels, although it was higher when the coconut oil was used as lipidic source. Diets with coconut oil as lipidic source showed the best results of weight gain. The best value of feed:gain ratio of the animals that received diets with coconut oil was estimated in level of 3583 kcal.

Desempenho e características de carcaça de coelhos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de amido e fontes de fibra

The objective of the present study were evaluated the performance, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass in growing rabbits feeding with diets contents different starch levels (22 or 32% on average) by high or low inclusion of corn grain and different fiber sources (alfalfa hay or soybean hulls), in 2x2 factorial design. The experimental diets were pellets and fed ad libitum during 40 days to 40 rabbits weaned at 35 days, housed individually and assigned to a complete randomized design. Significant effects were not observed for the interaction between the fiber sources and the starch levels to the parameters evaluated in this study. Higher feed intake was observed with diets contents alfalfa hay (91.27 g/d), but the weight gain and food conversion were significant affected by the dietary treatments (30,18 g/d and 2.94 general average, respectively). The carcass yield, protein level, protein and energy efficiency in the carcass showed giher values for the diets with high starch levels (50.20, 62.36, 56.38 and 30.04%, respectively). Diets with high starch level or with soybean hulls resulted in better indexes of food conversion and characteristics of the carcass, reflex of a better nutrients utilization efficiency.