Darci Clementino Lopes

Uso de antibiótico, de probiótico e de homeopatia em frangos de corte criados em ambiente de conforto, inoculados ou não com Escherichia coli

The effect of antibiotic, probiotic and homeopathy in broilers inoculated or not with Escherichia coli was evaluated. Six hundred and seventy two male broilers of Avian Farm strain were assigned to a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme, with eight treatments (four additives x inoculation or not) and six replicates, with 14, 12 and 7 birds by experimental box, respectively, according to the periods from 1 to 11, from 12 to 21 and from 22 to 42 days of age. The birds were allotted to acclimatized chambers, under comfort environment, according to the strain recommendations. The treatments were constituted of: negative control (no additive), antibiotic (virginiamicine + nitrovin), probiotic (culture medium of Lactobacilus acidophillus, Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomices cerevisiae) and homeopathy (nosody of Escherichia coli). It was observed that birds fed antibiotic and probiotic showed higher weight gain from 1 to 21 days, and the birds fed antibiotic showed the best feed:gain ratio, although in the total period (from 1 to 42 days of age) there was no difference among treatments. The inoculation with Escherichia coli decreased the birds performance; the bacteria increased the relative weight of heart, liver and intestines. It was concluded that the use of antibiotic and probiotic improved the birds performance from 1 to 21 days of age.

Níveis de lisina para leitoas selecionadas geneticamente para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, dos 15 aos 30 kg

Foram utilizadas 50 leitoas hibridas, com alto potencial genetico para deposicao de carne magra na carcaca e peso inicial e final de 15,39 ± 0,59 e 30,93 ± 1,72 kg, respectivamente, para avaliar diferentes niveis de lisina. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, cinco repeticoes e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam a uma racao basal com 19% de proteina bruta, suplementada com cinco niveis de L-lisina HCl, resultando em racoes com 0,95; 1,05; 1,15; 1,25; e 1,35% de lisina total. Observou-se que o ganho de peso e o consumo de lisina diario elevaram-se de forma linear com o aumento do nivel de lisina da racao. Houve efeito quadratico dos niveis de lisina sobre o consumo de racao diario e a conversao alimentar, que melhorou ate o nivel de 1,26% de lisina total (0,365%/Mcal de ED) ou 1,13% (0,328%/Mcal de ED) de lisina digestivel, correspondendo a um consumo estimado de lisina total e digestivel de 14,62 g/dia e 13,12 g/dia, respectivamente. Nao se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre a porcentagem de proteina e de agua na carcaca e os niveis de ureia no soro sanguineo, entretanto, houve efeito quadratico sobre a porcentagem de gordura e a taxa de deposicao de gordura na carcaca, que diminuiram ate o nivel de 1,25 e 1,18% de lisina, respectivamente. Observou-se que a taxa de deposicao de proteina elevou de forma linear com o aumento do nivel de lisina na racao. Os niveis de lisina total que proporcionaram os melhores resultados de desempenho e qualidade de carcaca situaram-se entre 1,18 e 1,35%. Portanto, concluiu-se que a exigencia de lisina total de leitoas dos 15 aos 30 kg e de 1,26% ou de 1,13% de lisina digestivel, correspondendo a consumo estimado de lisina total e digestivel de 14,6 e 13,1 g/dia, respectivamente.

Níveis de lisina em ração de lactação para fêmeas suínas primíparas

Forty crossbred sows (Landrace x Large White) from the first parturition, with average weight of 182.2 ±16.5 kg, were used to evaluate the total lysine levels (0.95, 1.03, 1.10, 1.18, and 1.25%) in the diet, maintaining the same amino acids relation, during lactation (21 days). A completely randomized blocks design, with five treatments, eight replicates, where the sow was considered the experimental unit, was used. Total feed intake did not change according to the treatments, where the sows were daily fed, in average, 4.2 kg. Lysine intake and sows weight at weaning linearly increased, according to the lysine levels in the diet. Although the sows weight variation was not significant, the sows fed diets with lysine levels equal or superior than 1.18% showed smaller absolute values of weight loss during lactation. Weight gain and weaning weight of piglets and litter, backfat thickness and the number of days to return to estrus of sows after weaning were not affected by the dietary lysine levels. It was concluded that the level of 0.95%, correspondent to a daily intake of 40 g total lysine, met the lysine requirements of lactating primiparous sows.

Digestibilidade do fósforo de alimentos de origem vegetal determinada em suínos em crescimento e terminação

Objetivou-se determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDAP) e verdadeira (CDVP) do fosforo de 11 alimentos de origem vegetal utilizados na alimentacao de suinos. Foram utilizados 78 animais mesticos distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 × 13 (metodologia × fase × tratamento) e tres repeticoes por tratamento (alimento-teste). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade foram avaliados utilizando-se, simultaneamente, duas metodologias (coleta total de fezes e uso de indicador fecal, Cr2O3) em duas fases de producao (crescimento e terminacao), cada uma com 36 suinos com 25,0 ± 3,0 e 60,0 ± 5,0 kg de peso corporal, respectivamente. Determinaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade de 11 alimentos, uma racao-referencia e uma racao com baixo conteudo de fosforo total (0,03%) para estimativa das perdas de fosforo endogeno nas duas fases de desenvolvimento. Os valores medios de CDAP e CDVP do fosforo encontrados com suinos em crescimento e terminacao foram, respectivamente, 45,01 e 68,32% para o milho; 31,3 e 66,97% para o sorgo; 31,84 e 41,31% para o farelo de gluten de milho (22% PB); 38,28 e 53,20% farelo de gluten de milho (60% PB); 32,42 e 40,61% para o farelo de algodao (30% PB); 37,50 e 43,95% para o farelo de algodao (40% PB); 50,76 e 55,74% para o farelo de trigo; 38,75 e 52,19% para o farelo de soja; 33,61 e 41,21% para o concentrado proteico de soja; 41,67 e 55,81% a soja integral extrusada e, 56,84 e 66,56% para a levedura desidratada de cana de acucar. Nao foram encontradas diferencas entre os CDAP e CDVP determinados pelas metodologias de coleta total de fezes e de indicador fecal. Na fase de terminacao, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira dos alimentos testados foram maiores que os obtidos na fase de crescimento.

Determinação da biodisponibilidade do fósforo de diferentes fontes pela técnica de diluição isotópica, em suínos em crescimento

Twenty-eight male pigs averaging 28.95 kg were used to determine endogenous fecal losses, true absorption and phosphorus bioavailability in different phosphorus sources. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four repplicates and one pig/box. The diets were corn and soybean meal-based and the phosphorus (P) was supplemented through different phosphate sources: dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), Catalao rock (ROCHA) and phosphoric acid (AcF) and diet control without supplemental P (CONT). Phosphorus intake, excretion through feces and urine, retention and absorption were lower in the diet with smaller phosphorus level. Supplemental inorganic P did not affect intake, endogenous fecal P and retained P. However, the P excretion in the feces was smaller for the animals fed SS and greater for those fed ROCHA. P excretion in the urine was greater for the animals fed AcF and smaller for those fed ROCHA. It can be concluded P bioavailability was of 43.82, 89.44, 82.65, 76.90, 98.73, 90.03, and 63.26 for the treatments CONT, FBC, MBC, ST, SS, AcF and ROCHA, respectively.

Levels of lysine for gilts with high genetic potential for lean gain from 30 to 60 kg

Fifty hybrid gilts, with high genetic potential for lean gain and initial and final average weight of 30.0 ± 0.45 and 59.9 ± 2.53 kg, respectively, were used in an experiment to evaluate diet with different levels of lysine. An experimental desi gn of randomized blocks, with five treatments, five replicates and two animals per experimental unit, was used. The treatments corresponded to a basal diet with 17.5% crude protein, supplemented with five levels of HCl-L-lysine, resulting in diets with 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, and 1. 20% of total lysine. There were no effects of treatments on daily weight gain and serum urea concentration, however, daily feed intake and d aily lysi e intake increased linearly with the dietary lysine level. There was a quadratic effect of lysine levels on feed:gain ratio, that increased up to the total lysine level of 1.16% (0.347%/Mcal of DE) or 1.05% (0.315%/Mcal of DE) of digestible lysine, corresponding to the tot al and digestible lysine intake of 21.8 and 19.7 g/day, respectively. There was no effect of treatments on protein percentage, however , the ater percentage in carcass linearly decreased. There was quadratic effect of treatments on fat percentage and fat deposition rate in carcass, that decreased up to the lysine level of 1.09 and 1.12%, respectively. The protein deposition rate improved quadraticly up to the le vel f lysine of 1.04%. It was concluded that gilts with high genetic potential for lean gain, from 30 to 60 kg require 1.16% of total lysine or 1.05% (0.315%/ Mcal of DE) of true digestible lysine, corresponding to total and digestible lysine intake of 21.8 and 19.72 g/day, respectivel y, for maximal performance. The level of total lysine of 1.04% or 0,93% of digestible lysine proportioned the best protein deposition rate.

Níveis de lisina para leitoas com alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra dos 65 aos 95 kg

Two hundred and sixteen crossbred gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat gain, with average initial weight of 66.3 ± 4.24 kg and final weight of 95.5 ± 2.05 kg, were used to evaluate the effect of lysine levels on animals performance in the finishing phase. A randomized block design was used with four treatments, 27 replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Treatments were constituted of isoenergy diets, with different levels of total lysine (0.80, 0.90, 1.00, and 1.10%), obtained by changes on corn and soybean meal proportion. There was no treatment effect on daily weight gain, muscle growth rate and muscle feed:gain ratio. There was a quadratic effect of dietary lysine on feed intake, which decreased up to the level of 0.95% lysine, and on feed:gain ratio, which increased up to the level of 0.97% lysine. There was a linear effect of lysine levels on protein and fat deposition rate, that respectively, increased and reduced with dietary lysine levels. There was no effect of treatments on carcass length, backfat thickness measured between the last and last but one lumbar vertebra, backfat thickness at 6.5 cm from the midline carcass, carcass yield, lean meat yield, fat yield and ham yield. It was concluded that gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat gain require 0.97% of total lysine, that correspond to a daily intake of 24.24 g of lysine for best feed:gain ratio. Data show that to the highest protein deposition rate the requirement is above of 1.1% of total lysine.

Redução da proteína bruta da ração para suínos machos castrados dos 15 aos 30 kg mantidos em termoneutralidade

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of reduction of the crude protein (CP) level of ration with amino acid supplementation on performance of castrated males swines maintained in a termoneutral environment (22oC). A total of sixty crossbred swines (Landrace x Large White), with average initial weight of 15.0 kg and 53.1 days old, was allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments (18, 17, 16, 15 and 14% CP), six replications and two animals per experimental unit. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum until the end of the experiment, when the animals reached the average weight of 30.2 kg. The average temperature in the room was maintained in 22oC with relative humidity of 82.3%. The Black Globe-Humidity Index (BGHI) was 69.6. No effect of decreasing dietary CP level on the evaluated performance parameters (feed intake, weight gain and feed:gain ratio) was observed. The deposition rates of protein and fat were not affected by the reduction of CP level and amino acid supplementation. The treatments affected the absolute and relative weight of stomach and absolute weight of intestine, and the highest weights were observed in the animals fed diet with the highest CP level. It was concluded that the dietary crude protein level can be reduced from 18 to 14% to castrated piglets from 15 to 30 kg maintained in a termoneutral environment with no effect on performance, since diets are supplemented with essential amino acids.

Digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de rações contendo diferentes fontes de fibra e níveis de amido com coelhos em crescimento

ABSTRACT - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutrients apparent digestibilities in growing rabbits fed dietswith different starch levels (22 or 32% on average) by high or low inclusion of corn grain and different fiber sources (alfalfa hay or soybeanhulls), in 2x2 factorial outline. The diets were pelleted and supplied to 64 New Zealand White rabbits (16 replicates per treat ment), weanedat 34 days, housed individually in metabolism cages and allotted to a complete randomized design. Significant effects were not observedfor the interaction between the starch levels and the fiber sources. The best digestibility was observed with high starch diets (73.56%DM,74.30%OM, 71.51%CP, 63.89%GE, 95.08% starch, 45.87%NDF, 37.78%ADF, 55.57% hemicellulose, 39.86%cellulose), except forlipid fraction. On the other hand, the best digestibility of nutrients was observed with the diets containing with soybean hull s (72.37%DM,73.06%OM, 69.10%CP, 61.74%GE, 76.84%EE, 95.10% starch, 47.00%NDF, 38.42%ADF, 55.51% hemicellulose, 42.42% cellulose).These results suggest that diets with high starch levels or soybean hulls can be used efficiently by rabbits, maintaining the n utritionalrecommendations.Key Words: alfalfa hay, corn grain, digestibility, nutrition, rabbits, soybean hulls

Hidrolisado de mucosa intestinal de suínos em substituição ao plasma sangüíneo em dietas para leitões de 21 a 49 dias

A trial was conduced to evaluate the effect partial or total substitution of blood plasma for hydrolyzed of intestinal mucosa of swine (HI) in diets of pigs from 21 to 49 days of age. A total of 140 piglets weaned at 21.7 ± 2.9 days of age with average weight of 5.54 ± 0.65 kg were allotted to a randomized experimental block design, with five treatments, seven replications of four animals per experimental unit. The experiment was divided in the phases from 21 to 35 days and from 36 to 49 days of age. The treatments consisted of a diet with plasma and four diets with different levels of HI 50 and HI 62 products in substitution of plasma. The partial or total plasma substitution for HI 50 and HI 62 products did not result in differences for average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed:gain ratio of piglets in the evaluated periods. The absolute and relative weight of the functional viscera was not affected by treatments. There were not effects of the treatments on the characteristics of intestinal integrity in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of piglets with 35 days of age. The products HI 50 and HI 62 could substitute total or partially the plasma in diets of pigs from 21 to 49 days of age without significant effects.