Ana Cristina Atti dos Santos

Efeito fungicida dos óleos essenciais de Schinus molle L. e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, do Rio Grande do Sul

Uma das alternativas para reduzir o uso de agrotoxicos pode ser a utilizacao de oleos essenciais para o controle de doencas e pragas que afetam a producao agricola. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito fungicida dos oleos essenciais de Schinus molle L. e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, especies nativas amplamente distribuidas na regiao. Os oleos foram extraidos por hidrodestilacao e analisados por cromatografia gasosa. Os fungos fitopatogenos Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp. e Fusarium spp., foram isolados a partir de gerberas e rosas com sintomas de doenca e os ensaios de atividade antifungica foram realizados atraves da tecnica de difusao em disco e os dados analisados pelo teste de Tukey e Duncan a 5%. Em geral o oleo essencial de S. molle foi efetivo para os quatro fungos testados, nas quatro diluicoes utilizadas e para todos os tempos avaliados e o oleo essencial de S. terebinthifolius apresenta efeito fungicida mais pronunciado contra Botrytis spp., a partir de testes in vitro.

Essential oil composition of south Brazilian populations of Cunila galioides and its relation with the geographic distribution

Abstract Air-dried samples of 20 Brazilian populations of Cunila galioides were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed using GS and GS–MS. A total of 40 volatile compounds were detected and identified. Fourteen compounds were presented in high concentration, (>10% of the essential oils) in at least one of the populations, and were used to analyze the relationship between the populations. Three affinity groups, which can be considered as chemotypes, were formed by the average linkage cluster analysis. The citral group was characterized by high concentrations of neral and geranial (28 ± 1.49% and 40.5 ± 1.73%, respectively), the ocimene group by high concentration of trans-β-ocimene (33.05 ± 2.54%), and the menthene group by the presence of 1,8-cineole (10.69 ± 2.93%), trans-p-2,8-menthadiene-1-ol (11.46 ± 1.54%), 1,3,8-menthatriene (10.39 ± 1.41%), and 1,5,8-p-menthatriene (7.75 ± 2.32%), as their main constituents. Geographically, the chemotypes containing citral originated from the northeast plateau of Rio Grande do Sul, whereas chemotypes containing ocimene originated from the grasslands of high altitudes of the Atlantic range, and those of the menthene group were found in a transition area between the two regions. The chemovariation observed appear to be genetically determined.

Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of salvia L. species

In this work, the essential oils of S. officinalis, S. sclarea, S. lavandulifolia and S. triloba were chemically analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD), and their antimicrobial activity was tested against 10 microorganisms using the disk diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) technique. The following major compounds were identified in the essential oils: α - and β-thujone, camphor and 1,8-cineole, except in S. sclarea, where linalool, linalyl acetate and α-terpineol were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity showed significant differences (p < 0.05) only when obtained by the MIC method. Gram-positive microorganisms presented larger sensitivity for the essential oils. The lowest MIC was observed when Staphylococcus aureus was exposed to 2.31 mg.mL-1 of S. lavandulifolia essential oil, while the highest MIC value was obtained when Shigella flexneri was exposed to 9.25 mg.mL-1 of the same essential oil, thus demonstrating that this essential oil may be effective as a bacteriostatic agent against Gram-positive microorganisms.

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Leaves and Fruits of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi from Southern Brazil

Abstract The essential oils of two Anacardiaceae species, Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, native from Brazil, were obtained by hydrodistillation and the oils composition studied by capillary GC and GC-MS. Twenty seven compounds were identified for S. molle and twenty nine for S. terebinthifolius. The leaves and fruits essential oils for both S. molle and S. terebinthifolius were characterised by a high percentage of sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons. The S. terebinthifolius essential oils obtained from leaves and berries presented differences with those previously described in the literature, while the leave oil of S. molle showed similar composition to that from Uruguay. These findings have ecological and economic significance as S. molle and S. terebinthifolius are promising species in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries.

Essential oil yield and composition of Lamiaceae species growing in southern Brazil

The Lamiaceae family has been described to be rich in essential oil. The aim of the present work was to identify the native species of Rio Grande do Sul with potential use as the aromatic plants. Seven species of the family were collected in the different localities of the state. The essential oils were obtained by 1h hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. The constituents were identified by comparing their GC Kovats retention indices (RI), determined with reference to a homologous series of n-alkanes and by comparing their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with literature data. Cunila incisa and Mentha aquatica resulted in the higher esssential oil yields (1.94% v/w and 0.93% v/w, respectively. The composition of M. aquatica was 80% methone, with almost 14% pulegone. C. microcephala had 53% menthofuran and C. incisa nearly 45% of 1.8-cineol and 18% α-terpineol.

Essential oils of camphor tree (cinnamomum camphora nees & eberm) cultivated in Southern Brazil

The essential oils of two varieties of Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm, Lauraceae), known as Hon-Sho and Ho-Sho cultivated in experimental stands in Southern Brazil were studied. The essential oils were obtained from the leaves and twigs of young plants by hydrodistillation. The identification of the components was performed using GC, GC/MS and retention indexes on methyl silicone and carbowax phases. The main components identified were linalool in the Ho-Sho and camphor in the Hon-Sho.

Physicochemical characteristics of the essential oils of Baccharis dracunculifolia and Baccharis uncinella D.C. (Asteraceae)

The essential oils of Baccharis dracunculifolia and Baccharis uncinella, which were obtained by hydrodistillation, were physically and chemically characterized for their yield, relative density (d2020), refraction index, solubility in ethanol and chemical composition through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS). The results showed a yield of 1.5 and 1.65 mL/100g-1, relative density (d2020) of 0.9151 and 0.9147, refraction index of 1.4593 and 1.4602, rotatory power of +1.99 and +2.18. Solubility in 70% ethanol was 3.0, in 80% ethanol was 1.0 and in 96.5% ethanol was 1.0, for the oils of B. dracunculifolia and B. uncinella respectively. The evaluations in gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry showed that the oils studied are similar, presenting 26 constituents among which β-pinene, e-nerolidol, limonene and spathulenol are highlighted.

Chemical Composition of the Volatiles of Angelica Root Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Abstract The volatile components isolated from the root of Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.) cultivated in southern Brazil have been studied. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation; the volatile concentrate was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE was conducted at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C, at pressures ranging from 90–120 bar. The identification of the components was completed using capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry based on the retention time on methyl silicone phases. Chemical analysis revealed that although roughly the same compounds were extracted, the two oils had a widely different percentage composition. The supercritical CO2 extraction exhibited a higher number and concentration of oxygenated compounds.

Analysis of the Essential Oil Composition of Cunila galioides Benth.

Abstract Essential oils, hydrodistilled from the leaves and flowers of Cunila galioides Benth. collected in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main compounds in the oil of flowering plants of sample A were geranial (44.3%), neral (33.6%) and geranyl acetate (5.2%). In sample B, (E)-β-ocimene (46.6%), geranial (10.3%), linalool (9.3%) and neral (7.5%), were the main constituents.

Chemical Variations on the Essential Oils of Cunila spicata Benth. (Lamiaceae), an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant From South Brazil

Abstract Volatile oils from aerial parts of 10 Brazilian accessions of Cunila spicata were characterized by analytical gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Twenty-three constituents accounting for 89.04–98.00% of the total essential oil were identified. Four new chemotypes of this species with high concentrations of linalool/1,8-cineole, 1,8-cineole, carvone/carveol, and 1,8-cineole/limonene were identified. Geographically, all the accessions from the Southeast range of Rio Grande do Sul State belonged to the linalool/1,8-cineole chemotype, where those from the Northeast mountains of the State were distributed in the four chemical groups.