Natalia Paroul

Seasonal Variation of Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) from South Brazil

Abstract Essential oils from the leaves of Thymus vulgaris L. collected from Caxias do Sul (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) were isolated by hydrodistillation with an average oil yield of 0.25%. Twenty-two components were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis. Thymol was found to be the most abundant constituent (31.5–52.4%), followed by p-cymene (17.1–34.4%). Thyme possessed a higher oil yield and the oil was richer in oxygenated compounds when harvested in the spring.

Essential oil composition of south Brazilian populations of Cunila galioides and its relation with the geographic distribution

Abstract Air-dried samples of 20 Brazilian populations of Cunila galioides were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed using GS and GS–MS. A total of 40 volatile compounds were detected and identified. Fourteen compounds were presented in high concentration, (>10% of the essential oils) in at least one of the populations, and were used to analyze the relationship between the populations. Three affinity groups, which can be considered as chemotypes, were formed by the average linkage cluster analysis. The citral group was characterized by high concentrations of neral and geranial (28 ± 1.49% and 40.5 ± 1.73%, respectively), the ocimene group by high concentration of trans-β-ocimene (33.05 ± 2.54%), and the menthene group by the presence of 1,8-cineole (10.69 ± 2.93%), trans-p-2,8-menthadiene-1-ol (11.46 ± 1.54%), 1,3,8-menthatriene (10.39 ± 1.41%), and 1,5,8-p-menthatriene (7.75 ± 2.32%), as their main constituents. Geographically, the chemotypes containing citral originated from the northeast plateau of Rio Grande do Sul, whereas chemotypes containing ocimene originated from the grasslands of high altitudes of the Atlantic range, and those of the menthene group were found in a transition area between the two regions. The chemovariation observed appear to be genetically determined.

Caracterização química de extratos de Ocimum basilicum L. obtidos através de extração com CO2 a altas pressões

This work reports extraction yield and chemical characterization of the extracts obtained by high-pressure CO2 extraction of a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum L. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 20 to 50 °C, from 100 to 250 atm of pressure. Chemical analyses were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, permitting to identify 23 compounds that were grouped into five chemical classes. Results showed that temperature and solvent density influenced positively the extraction yield. At 20 °C and 0.41 g cm-3 occurred a rise in the concentration of monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes.

Essential oils of camphor tree (cinnamomum camphora nees & eberm) cultivated in Southern Brazil

The essential oils of two varieties of Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm, Lauraceae), known as Hon-Sho and Ho-Sho cultivated in experimental stands in Southern Brazil were studied. The essential oils were obtained from the leaves and twigs of young plants by hydrodistillation. The identification of the components was performed using GC, GC/MS and retention indexes on methyl silicone and carbowax phases. The main components identified were linalool in the Ho-Sho and camphor in the Hon-Sho.

Perfil da composição química e atividades antibacteriana e antioxidante do óleo essencial do cravo-da-índia (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.)

A busca por substâncias antibacterianas e antioxidantes naturais tem sido alvo de diversos estudos cientificos. Foi objetivo determinar as atividades antibacteriana e antioxidante e a concentracao inibitoria minima do oleo essencial do cravo-da-india, obtido por hidrodestilacao. O estudo por CG-EM identificou o eugenol como o constituinte majoritario do oleo essencial e os testes de atividade antibacteriana mostraram bons resultados para quase todos os microorganismos avaliados. Os valores de concentracao inibitoria minima variaram de 0,2 mg.mL-1 a 0,6 mg.mL-1. Aatividade antioxidante demonstrou uma correlacao linear com a concentracao de oleo essencial. Os resultados demonstraram potencial antibacteriano e antioxidante do oleo essencial de Eugenia caryophyllata, constituindo-se uma opcao para a formulacao de novos produtos alimenticios.

Chemical Composition of the Volatiles of Angelica Root Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Abstract The volatile components isolated from the root of Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.) cultivated in southern Brazil have been studied. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation; the volatile concentrate was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE was conducted at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C, at pressures ranging from 90–120 bar. The identification of the components was completed using capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry based on the retention time on methyl silicone phases. Chemical analysis revealed that although roughly the same compounds were extracted, the two oils had a widely different percentage composition. The supercritical CO2 extraction exhibited a higher number and concentration of oxygenated compounds.

Solvent-Free Production of Bioflavors by Enzymatic Esterification of Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) Essential Oil

Enzymatic esterification of citronella essential oil towards the production of geranyl and citronellyl esters may present great scientific and technological interest due to the well-known drawbacks of the chemical-catalyzed route. In this context, this work reports the maximization of geranyl and citronellyl esters production by esterification of oleic and propionic acids in a solvent-free system using a commercial immobilized lipase as catalyst. Results of the reactions showed that the strategy adopted for the experimental design proved to be useful in evaluating the effects of the studied variables on the reaction conversion using Novozym 435 as catalyst. The operating conditions that maximized the production of each ester were determined, leading, in a general way, to conversions of about 90% for all systems. New experimental data on enzymatic esterification of crude citronella essential oil for geranyl and citronellyl esters production in solvent-free system are reported in this work.

Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do óleo essencial de ho-sho (Cinnamomum camphora Ness e Eberm Var. Linaloolifera fujita)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do oleo essencial de Ho-Sho. O principal componente do oleo essencial obtido a partir de folhas da planta submetidas ao processo de hidrodestilacao foi o linalol (80 a 95% m/m). O oleo essencial mostrou atividade antimicrobiana para todos os microrganismos testados, com excecao de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A maior atividade antimicrobiana do oleo essencial sobre as bacterias testadas foi observada sobre Xanthomonas campestris (33,0 mm) e a menor sobre Yersinia enterocolitica (10,5 mm). Para a concentracao inibitoria minima (CIM), observou-se que todos os microrganismos apresentaram-se susceptiveis ao oleo essencial de Ho-Sho. A variacao das CIM para as bacterias Gram-positivas foi de 1,00 mg.mL-1 (Streptococcus mutans) a 1,75 mg.mL-1 (Staphylococcus epidermidis). Ja a variacao das CIM para as bacterias Gram-negativas foi de 0,625 mg.mL-1 (Citrobacter freundii) a 2,50 mg.mL-1 (Shigella flexneri). Os resultados obtidos na determinacao da atividade antioxidante do oleo essencial demonstram que o percentual antioxidante aumenta proporcionalmente a concentracao de oleo essencial adicionado, atingindo o valor maximo de 97,49% de atividade antioxidante para a concentracao de 50000 μg.mL-1.

Analysis of the Essential Oil Composition of Cunila galioides Benth.

Abstract Essential oils, hydrodistilled from the leaves and flowers of Cunila galioides Benth. collected in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main compounds in the oil of flowering plants of sample A were geranial (44.3%), neral (33.6%) and geranyl acetate (5.2%). In sample B, (E)-β-ocimene (46.6%), geranial (10.3%), linalool (9.3%) and neral (7.5%), were the main constituents.

Morphological characterisation and agronomical parameters of different species of Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae)

The aim of this work is to assess the morphological characteristics and parameters of biomass production, such as fresh and dry matter weight (FMW and DMW, g/plant), yield of dry matter (YDM) in terms of ton/ha, essential oil content (EOC, mL/100 g) and yield of essential oils (YEO) expressed as L/ha of the following plants Salvia verbenaca, Salvia argentea, Salvia lavandulifolia, Salvia pratensis, Salvia sclarea, Salvia triloba and Salvia officinalis. Except for Salvia argentea (S2) all other species have adapted to the south Brazilian climate conditions, with morphological differences among the species evaluated. In terms of DMW and YDM, S. officinalis was found to be the most productive species with 445.83 g/plant and 11.14 ton/ha. The higher essential oil content and yield was observed for S. officinalis, affording 1.99 mL/100 g and 221.74 L/ha, respectively. Chemical characterisation of the essential oils obtained from hydrodistillation was performed through GC and GC/MSD analyses, which revealed for most of the species studied, α e β-thujone, camphor and 1,8-cineole as major compounds, apart from S. sclarea, for which linalool, linalyl acetate and α-terpineol were the major components.