Ana Flávia Machado

Do Changes in the Labour Market Take Families Out of Poverty? Determinants of Exiting Poverty in Brazilian Metropolitan Regions

Abstract Using survival models, we test whether short-term changes in the labour market affect poverty duration. Data are from the Brazilian Monthly Employment Survey. Such a monthly dataset permits more accurate estimations of events than using annual data, but its panel follows households for a short period. Then methods that control for both right- and left-censoring should be used. The results are as follows: households with zero income are not those with the lowest chances of exiting; changes in aggregate unemployment do not affect poverty duration; and increasing wages in the informal sector has a negative effect on poverty duration.

MOBILIDADE ENTRE ESTADOS DE POBREZA E INSERÇÃO NO MERCADO DE TRABALHO: UMA ANÁLISE PARA O BRASIL METROPOLITANO EM 2004

The relation between dynamics of poverty and labor market includes some issues as what conducts certain poor groups to escape of this condition and what induces other groups to enter in the poverty. Seeking to analyze these issues, the purpose of this article is to investigate the relation between poverty states and way of occupational conditions in the labor market in Brazilian metropolitan areas in 2004. To follow up individuals in the sample, in order to hold the mobility, the Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) 2004 was used as source of the database. The model of mobility, or poverty transition model, is based on a Markov matrix, using as strategy of estimating a probit model with sample selection. Observing the mobility process in this model, poverty permanence rates and poverty transition rates had been calculated, as well as other mobility measurements, for each group of occupational condition. The results point out the importance of labor market aspects to permanence in the non-poor state and transitions to out of poverty.

Perfil dos frequentadores de atividades culturais: o caso nas metrópoles brasileiras

This paper investigates the determinants of attendance to cultural activities in Brazilian metropolitan areas, through expenditures in tickets movies, museums, plays and operas, concerts and art exhibitions. Using a probit model, we estimate the probability of expenditure, considering socio-economic profile, free time effect (absence of children in the household) and positive addiction effect, as suggested by Stigler and Becker (1977). The results show that income and education level of the consumer are the main determinants of attending cultural activities, besides art education, our proxy to positive addiction.

Transições e duração do desemprego: uma revisão da literatura com novas evidências para Belo Horizonte

This work investigates movement between the states of the labor market - occupation, unemployment and inactivity - and the duration of unemployment in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region, between 1997 and 2001, using panel data from IBGEs Monthly Employment Survey (PME). Among the individual characteristics, the results show that the behavior of unemployment for young people and women is much more affected by the higher incidence of these groups in this state. This is so because greater intensity and longer stays are observed for these groups in the other two states, unemployment and inactivity, than by long periods of unemployment. Individuals with higher education levels who had signed labor contracts in their last jobs were the hardest hit by long-term unemployment. The selectiveness of the labor market, precarious labor relations and the behavior of economic activity in this region contribute to the increase in both unemployment and in turnover among groups with less stability in the labor market. The study concludes that the phenomenon of unemployment in the BH Metropolitan Area is affected not only by individual factors, but also by economic activity, thus confirming what the employment search models predicted.

Mobilidade intrageracional de rendimentos no Brasil

This work investigates the earnings mobility in Brazil, considering the period before and after the observed fall of inequality in the country. We used microdata from Monthly Employment Survey (PME/IBGE), from 1992 to 2009. It is possible to analyze mobility in an intra generational context. The mobility contributes to decrease income inequality. Given the fall of inequality in the country, if mobility persists, Brazil may experience, in the long run, greater income convergence.

Validity and relative ability of 4 balance tests to identify fall status of older adults with type 2 diabetes

Background and Purpose: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), the Mini-BESTest, and the Brief-BESTest are useful tests to assess balance; however, their clinimetric properties have not been studied well in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study compared the validity and relative ability of the BBS, BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest to identify fall status in older adults with T2D. Methods: This study involved a cross-sectional design. Sixty-six older adults with T2D (75 ± 7.6 years) were included and asked to report the number of falls during the previous 12 months and to complete the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale. The BBS and the BESTest were administered, and the Mini-BESTest and Brief-BESTest scores were computed based on the BESTest performance. Receiver operating characteristics were used to assess the ability of each balance test to differentiate between participants with and without a history of falls. Results: The 4 balance tests were able to identify fall status (areas under the curve = 0.74-0.76), with similar sensitivity (60%-67%) and specificity (71%-76%). Conclusions: The 4 balance tests were able to differentiate between older adults with T2D with and without a history of falls. As the BBS and the BESTest require longer application time, the Brief-BESTest may be an appropriate choice to use in clinical practice to detect fall risk.

A relação entre estrutura ocupacional e acesso a plano de saúde no Brasil: uma análise para 1998 e 2003

This paper aims to describe health insurance coverage among different types of workers in Brazil. Health insurance coverage and labor market insertion are used to define homogeneous groups of workers. The Grade of Membership method is used to build a typology of workers. The database was the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) for 1998 and 2003, including a health survey. Five worker profiles were defined. The key variables were: health insurance coverage, schooling, and work status. The main findings show a positive association between health insurance coverage, income from work, and trade union membership.

Dor musculoesquelética e vulnerabilidade ocupacional em trabalhadores do setor público municipal em Belo Horizonte, Brasil

This article seeks to describe the profile of workers in the municipal public sector in relation to the occurrence of self-reported musculoskeletal pain (MSP). In 2009, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte that assessed sociodemographic characteristics, functional health status, habits and quality of life, through a self-applied questionnaire. We used the Grade of Membership method (GoM) to define the profiles and the degree of belonging to each particular profile. Three reference profiles were identified: worker with pain; worker without pain, non-respondents. Given the reference profiles, the typology of association between work and self-reported occurrence of MSP classified 89.9% of the sample. The typology was organized into five profiles: mixed (4.1%); sick worker (12.0%); worker more vulnerable to MSP (16.9%); worker less vulnerable to MSP (22.6%); healthy worker (34.3%). The analysis made it possible to clarify the connections between MSP and the physical and psychosocial factors at work in the municipal public service, indicating avenues for further reflection on the inequities in musculoskeletal health and occupational vulnerability.

Vulnerabilidades ocupacionais e percepção de saúde em trabalhadores do SUS

Este articulo desarrolla una tipologia de precariedad en los vinculos laborales, teniendo en cuenta otras dimensiones, ademas de aquellas consideradas tradicionales, como el tipo de vinculo, jornada y rendimiento de trabajo. Otros aspectos del lugar de trabajo, y de la distribucion del tiempo en actividades y tareas fuera del ambiente laboral, afectan a la insercion de los individuos en el mercado de trabajo. Asi pues, a partir de la flexibilidad del metodo que se menciona a continuacion, y de la relativamente gran disponibilidad de informacion sobre el individuo y su desempeno socioeconomico, la presente investigacion recurrio a la aplicacion del metodo Grade of Membership (GoM), contando con los datos de 1.808 trabajadores de la red municipal de salud de Belo Horizonte que participaron en un estudio epidemiologico en 2009. Se consideraron susceptibles de eleccion todos los profesionales vinculados al servicio publico municipal de salud, independientemente del vinculo laboral (permanente, temporal, practicas). El estudio fue aprobado por el Comite de Etica en Investigacion de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais (dictamen no 542/07). Los resultados presentados convergen hacia reflexiones acerca de la creciente constatacion de la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores de salud en funcion de las condiciones de trabajo precarias, ademas de indicar la relevancia del enfoque de la actividad de trabajo, en el sentido de identificar agentes estresores y otros factores del ambiente relacionados con situaciones nocivas y de enfermamiento. Algunas caracteristicas de los individuos (edad, sexo, tiempo de servicio, etc.) que conforman la poblacion objetivo no son pasibles de acciones externas, no obstante, las politicas pueden modificar los factores localizados en torno al nucleo individual.

Escolha ocupacional e transição no Brasil Metropolitano: uma análise com ênfase no setor informal

This paper investigates the informal sector in Brazilian metropolitan areas. The objectives are to investigate personal attributes of the informal workers and to verify who of these workers make transition out of that occupation. The results for the first objective point that high-education individual has higher probability to be employee without a labor card, unemployed and inactive than informal worker. About transition, the results show that entrepreneurship time is more important than personal attributes on the probability of staying in the informal economy.