Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveira

Análise dos determinantes da participação no mercado de trabalho dos idosos em São Paulo

The aim of this article is to analyze the determinants of the probability of being in the labor force and the number of working hours per week of persons over the age of 60 in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 2000. The study pays special attention to the influence of the health of elderly persons on their participation in the labor force. The dataset used in this study is the SABE, a survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean, with funding from the Pan American Health Organization. To control the bias of endogeneity resulting from the relationship between a persons state of health and his or her participation on the labor market, the Instrumental Variable method is used. Various measures of health were used in order to analyze different effects of the condition of the health of elderly persons in the labor supply. The results indicate that, among men, variables representing economic status carry considerable weight in explaining their participation in the labor supply. Among women, variables more closely related to family composition are important in explaining the results of the estimations. Having poor health means less probability of being active and of working a greater number of hours per week. Among men, the results of the models related to health conditions estimated by instruments suggest that the effect of participating in the labor force for the elderly could be negative to their health. This may be because of possible truly negative affects on health, or because the working elderly have better schooling and better economic status. This means that they use health services more frequently and are able to describe their health problems more clearly.

Transições dos jovens para o mercado de trabalho, primeiro filho e saída da escola: o caso brasileiro

This article investigates the relationship between the ages when young people leave school, enter the labor market and set up their own families. The Survival Analysis methodology was used. A descriptive analysis was carried out through a non-parametric model (Kaplan Meier) to estimate survival functions for each of these transitions, by gender. A semi-parametric model (Cox’s Proportional Risks Model) was also used, which included variables such as mother’s and father’s educational levels and situation of residence until age 15. The database used in this study was the Life Patterns Research. The results captured the experience of transition of persons ages 20 to 49 at the time of the study (1996-1997). They therefore do not necessarily represent the experience of young people who are in transition in this first decade of the 21st century. The findings of the study are important basically due to this characteristic. If, for the experience of these cohorts, there is clearly a sequence of transitions, and the age at first child lowers the risk of leaving school by only 0.9%, this is because the transition to first child is not the main reason for dropping out of school. Therefore, the challenges, the ages and the intervening factors seen constitute very important information for public policies in education, training, generation of jobs, habitation and health.

Tendências da desigualdade salarial para coortes de mulheres brancas e negras no Brasil

We analyze trends of wage inequality of the Brazilian female labor force, by race, during the 1980s and 1990s. Increasing returns to skills and increasing demand for skilled labor result in a divergence of wages growth between high and low skilled workers. This increasing gap results in an increase of wage inequality by race. In order to interpret trends, we take into account race differences in marriage patterns, fertility, household arrangements, educational levels, labor market participation, skill levels, occupational location and earnings, distinguishing between period and cohort measures. We use 1987-1999 Brazilian Household Sample Surveys data to examine the importance of within- and between-cohort changes for black and white women. Earnings functions are estimated from the pooled time-series of these cross-section data, using OLS and quantile regressions.

Uma avaliação experimental dos impactos de uma política de qualificação profissional no Brasil

This paper aims to evaluate the employment impacts of the National Vocational Training Program (PLANFOR). The evaluation is based on the experimental data basis designed to evaluate the case of Minas Gerais state in 1996. The findings indicate positive employment impacts. The employment impacts were felt more strongly with the increased duration after the provision of treatment. The data came from an experimental survey conducted by CEDEPLAR between 1996 and 2000, and provide retrospective occupational data. The employment impact is evaluated through the application of event history analysis (non-parametric, parametric, and semi-parametric) to the longitudinal experimental data. Results indicated that the unemployment duration of the control’s group spells is greater than the treatment’s one. This difference is greater as the spell’s length increases. There is no impact when the analysis is restricted to individuals that were unemployed in the beginning of the experiment.

O efeito trabalhador adicional para filhos no Brasil

The aim of this paper was to test the hypothesis of the existence of the effect of the added worker for children in Brazil. The paper aims to identify whether a situation of unemployment of the head of the household will lead some daughter or son in the family to enter the economically active population (EAP). The database used was the Monthly Employment Survey conducted by IBGE, which allows the construction of panels for longitudinal data analysis. The hypothesis was tested for at least one child aged 10 to 18, between 2002 and 2013, for the metropolitan areas of Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife, which make up the area covered by the Monthly Employment Survey (PME). This study accepts the existence of differential by gender of the head of the household for the added worker effect for children ages 10-18. The results showed that there was a greater positive effect for male heads of household than for female heads of household. The variable of transition of the son or daughter to employed activity showed no statistical significance that would allow us to assume the existence of the effect. The hypothesis of the existence of a differential by gender was confirmed, but in the opposite direction from the original hypothesis.

ARRANJOS INSTITUCIONAIS E DESENVOLVIMENTO: UMA ANÁLISE MULTIVARIADA E ESPACIAL PARA MUNICÍPIOS DE MINAS GERAIS

O objetivo deste trabalho e analisar a relacao entre o desenvolvimento socioeconomico e o arranjo institucional dos municipios do estado de Minas Gerais. Para tanto, a metodologia envolve a analise de correspondencia associada a analise de regressao ponderada geograficamente. O indice Firjan de desenvolvimento municipal (IFDM) e utilizado como indicador de desenvolvimento municipal. Como variaveis explicativas que forma o arranjo institucional, quatro indicadores institucionais e mais quatro variaveis relacionadas aos gastos publicos sao utilizados. Os resultados revelam uma associacao direta entre os municipios que possuem mais instrumentos institucionais formais, como, por exemplo, programas de geracao de trabalho e renda e politicas de apoio ao primeiro emprego, e altos niveis do IFDM. Assim, a compreensao do tipo de associacao entre os instrumentos institucionais formais e o grau de desenvolvimento dos municipios pode ampliar as discussoes sobre os desequilibrios regionais em Minas Gerais.

El efecto trabajador adicional para hijos en Brasil

The aim of this paper was to test the hypothesis of the existence of the effect of the added worker for children in Brazil. The paper aims to identify whether a situation of unemployment of the head of the household will lead some daughter or son in the family to enter the economically active population (EAP). The database used was the Monthly Employment Survey conducted by IBGE, which allows the construction of panels for longitudinal data analysis. The hypothesis was tested for at least one child aged 10 to 18, between 2002 and 2013, for the metropolitan areas of Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife, which make up the area covered by the Monthly Employment Survey (PME). This study accepts the existence of differential by gender of the head of the household for the added worker effect for children ages 10-18. The results showed that there was a greater positive effect for male heads of household than for female heads of household. The variable of transition of the son or daughter to employed activity showed no statistical significance that would allow us to assume the existence of the effect. The hypothesis of the existence of a differential by gender was confirmed, but in the opposite direction from the original hypothesis.

The added worker effect for children in Brazil

The aim of this paper was to test the hypothesis of the existence of the effect of the added worker for children in Brazil. The paper aims to identify whether a situation of unemployment of the head of the household will lead some daughter or son in the family to enter the economically active population (EAP). The database used was the Monthly Employment Survey conducted by IBGE, which allows the construction of panels for longitudinal data analysis. The hypothesis was tested for at least one child aged 10 to 18, between 2002 and 2013, for the metropolitan areas of Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife, which make up the area covered by the Monthly Employment Survey (PME). This study accepts the existence of differential by gender of the head of the household for the added worker effect for children ages 10-18. The results showed that there was a greater positive effect for male heads of household than for female heads of household. The variable of transition of the son or daughter to employed activity showed no statistical significance that would allow us to assume the existence of the effect. The hypothesis of the existence of a differential by gender was confirmed, but in the opposite direction from the original hypothesis.

O ambiente macroeconômico e o bem-estar social: uma revisão bibliográfica sobre relações e controvérsias

De acordo com estudos recentes, sabe-se que os choques nas variaveis agregadas implicam em impactos diferenciados sobre o sistema economico, afetando mais alguns setores ou agentes do que outros de acordo com suas as caracteristicas. Teoricamente, os mecanismos que diferenciam os efeitos dos choques entre os agentes e os setores da economia sao as variacoes de precos relativos dos diferentes produtos e fatores de producao, a variacao da demanda por mao de obra, as caracteristicas dos trabalhadores e o direcionamento das politicas publicas vigentes. Nesse sentido, mediante uma revisao bibliografica teorica e empirica sobre a relacao entre o desempenho macroeconomico dos paises e o bem-estar social, o objetivo do presente artigo e procurar respostas para tres questoes. Primeira: quais sao os agentes economicos que mais sofrem as recessoes? Segunda: quais sao os agentes que mais se beneficiam do crescimento economico? Terceira: quais sao as politicas relacionadas com a administracao macroeconomica dos problemas sociais?

Desempenho Macroeconômico e Taxa de Pobreza Estadual no Brasil no Período 1981-2006

As discussoes sobre a pobreza sempre estiveram presentes no âmbito da teoria economica. Contudo, sao relativamente escassos, ainda mais na literatura brasileira, trabalhos que relacionam a pobreza ao desempenho macroeconomico mesmo sendo senso comum a relevância da atividade economica para a determinacao da condicao de pobreza. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tentara inserir a discussao do combate a pobreza no âmbito da formulacao e da implementacao da politica macroeconomica considerando as relacoes entre o desempenho macroeconomico e a taxa de pobreza. Para investigar essas relacoes, utilizaremos um painel de dados formados por informacoes referentes aos estados brasileiros no periodo de 1981 a 2006. Como principal resultado, o trabalho evidencia que estrategias de crescimento economico, se tomadas isoladamente, sao insuficientes. Varios aspectos estruturais condicionam as relacoes entre o desempenho economico e o bem estar da populacao. Dessa forma, alem de que crescimento economico continuo, sustentavel e equilibrado, e necessario romper as estruturas que, principalmente nos paises subdesenvolvidos, levam ao conhecido processo de crescimento com concentracao de renda.