Ana Maria Dianezi Gambardella

Estado nutricional e consumo alimentar de adolescentes de um centro de juventude da cidade de São Paulo

This paper evaluated the nutritional status and the food consumption of 153 adolescents (males and females), with a median age of 11.9 years (±1.26), and with low socioeconomic level, registered at a Center of Youth from the city of Sao Paulo. To evaluate the nutritional status, cutoff points based on percentiles of the distribution of Body Mass Index for age and sex were adopted. A 24-hour recall, with an album of photographic registers, was applied to estimate the food consumption. The Nutritional Quality Index for calcium and iron was calculated. The average values of energy, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, calcium, iron and cholesterol were 1953kcal, 69g, 264g, 69g, 517mg, 10mg and 329mg, respectively. According to the assessment of the nutritional status, 78.4% of the adolescents were within the range of normality, 11.8% presented overweight risk, 7.8% were overweight and 2.0% had low weight. Insufficient calcium consumption was detected, especially among girls (98.4%), who had also presented unsatisfactory quality of diet in iron (73.8%).

Prática alimentar de adolescentes

A study was carried out on a group of 153 students of both sexes, with an average age of 14.0 + 1.5 years, using a self-applied questionnaire, aiming to discover the feeding practices of adolescents. A qualitative analysis of the three main daily meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) in comparison with an established standard was made. It was found that 45% of the adolescents (44% boys and 56%, girls) took breakfast. Lunch was taken by 76% of the adolescents (36% boys and 64% girls). With regard to dinner, taken by 53% (40% boys and 60% girls), it was found to be constituted, basically, of the same foodstuffs and/or preparations of their lunch, though with a reduction in food sources of protein and iron, such as meat and beans, replace by food sources of protein and calcium (milk and its products), which leads to the conclusion that snacks are taking the place of dinner. The breakfast is the most neglected meal by the adolescents studied. It is necessary to control the consumption of food between the three meals, because this may be contributing in two ways: by increasing the consumption of the nutrients that may otherwise be insufficient or, on the other hand, by aggravating problems such as obesity, among others.

Excesso de peso e insatisfação corporal em adolescentes

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between overweight/obesity and body dissatisfaction among adolescents in a private school in Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: For the assessment of overweight/obesity, the body mass index for age and gender was used and for the body dissatisfaction evaluation, the body parts satisfaction scale was applied. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-seven adolescents were studied (35.40% males and 64.60% females). It was shown that 44.23% of the males and 18.93% of the females were overweight/obese, 1.92% of the males and 3.16% of the females were underweight and the others were normal. A statistically significant association between body dissatisfaction and overweight/obesity was found for the stomach, waist and body weight in boys and the hair, buttocks, hips, thighs, legs, stomach, shoulder/back, muscle strength, body weight and overall appearance in girls. CONCLUSION: Girls who were overweight/obese were more dissatisfied with a greater number of body areas than boys. It was recommended that middle and fundamental level schools develop prophylactic activities aimed at stimulating consciousness of personal and social perception in the adolescent and of the pressures to which he is submitted.Participaram do estudo 147 adolescentes, sendo 35,40% do sexo masculino e 64,60% do sexo feminino.Verificou-se que 44,23% dos meninos e 18,93% das meninas apresentaram excesso de peso; 1,92% dosmeninos e 3,16% das meninas, magreza, e os demais (53,85% dos meninos e 58,98% das meninas)apresentaram estado nutricional normal. Constatou-se associacao estatisticamente significante entre excessode peso e insatisfacao para as areas do estomago, cintura e peso corporal nos meninos e para as areas docabelo, nadegas, quadril, coxas, pernas, estomago, ombros/costas, tonus muscular, peso e aparencia geralpara as meninas.

Situação profissional de egressos de um curso de nutrição

This research focused on the insertion of nutritionists graduated by the University of Sao Paulo into the labor market. The population under study included the totality of students graduated in the period from 1990 to 1996 who were interviewed by mail. Forty-two percent of them have filled in satisfactorily the questionnaires sent to them. Data disclosed the following: these nutritionists are professionally engaged in nutrition clinics (36.6%), in the management of Food and Nutrition Units (31.0%), in marketing (12.7%) and in public health (7.0%). There is a need for more incentive to continued education in nutrition due to the general formation of the course.

Níveis séricos de hemoglobina em adolescentes segundo estágio de maturação sexual

During adolescence, the risk of development of iron-deficiency anemia is higher because of the growth spurt and the sexual maturation which increase the iron requirement. One hundred and thirty adolescents (males and females) were studied, in order to assess the serum hemoglobin values in different sexual maturation stages. The photometric method was used and a self-evaluation of the sexual maturation stage based on Tanners criteria was applied. The average hemoglobin values were similar for both sexes, as well for girls who had menstruated or not. The average hemoglobin values were 13.3 (s.d. 1.12)g/dL for males and 13.3 (s.d. 0.83)g/dL for females (p=0.64). Among the studied adolescents, 7.7% had iron-deficiency anemia. Due to the iron requirement increase during the growth spurt, mainly in females, and the higher susceptibility to iron deficiency anemia, special attention to the adolescents is recommended.

Adiposidade em adolescentes e obesidade materna

Foi realizado estudo transversal com 660 individuos de 8 a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, matriculados em umaescola publica e outra privada do municipio de Sao Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista,medidas antropometricas e inquerito alimentar. A adiposidade na adolescencia foi mensurada a partir doindice de massa corporal e, por meio de analise de regressao, verificou-se sua relacao com a obesidade materna,ajustada por sexo, idade, estagio de maturacao sexual, valor energetico total da dieta, atividade fisica, seden-tarismo, peso ao nascer e escolaridade materna.

Dispêndio energético de adolescentes estudantes do período noturno

Objective It is well-known tha t energy expenditure provides a feasible way to measure the individual’s energy needs. T he final aim of this paper was to discover the lev el of physical activity and to quantify the energy expenditure of adolescents who either participated, otherwise, in the labor market. Methods This paper focussed on the evaluation of the energy expenditure of 273 students of both sexes attending the evening period of six schools belonging to the State School Network of Santo Andre, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, through a self-applied questionnaire dealing with their physical, occupational and discretionary activities.OBJECTIVE It is well-known that energy expenditure provides a feasible way to measure the individuals energy needs. The final aim of this paper was to discover the level of physical activity and to quantify the energy expenditure of adolescents who either participated, otherwise, in the labor market. METHODS This paper focussed on the evaluation of the energy expenditure of 273 students of both sexes attending the evening period of six schools belonging to the State School Network of Santo André, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, through a self-applied questionnaire dealing with their physical, occupational and discretionary activities. RESULTS Data revealed that the students who were employed worked from 40 to 50 hours a week, earning a monthly salary varying from 1 to 3 Brazilian minimum wages. Watching television was the discretionary activity most frequently referred to. The energy expenditure of these students was 3,000 and 2,100 calories for boys and girls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results found indicated that the students who were on the labor market did not expend more energy than those who were not.

Treinamento de escolares de 7 a 10 anos para o preenchimento de um Diário Alimentar

INTRODUCAO: E reconhecida a efetividade de um treinamento para melhorar a qualidade no relato do consumo alimentar em adultos, porem poucos estudos avaliam esta efetividade em criancas. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da realizacao de um treinamento para o desenvolvimento de habilidades para um correto preenchimento de um Diario Alimentar, por escolares de 7 a 10 anos. METODOLOGIA: O estudo foi conduzido em uma escola publica da cidade de Sao Paulo e envolveu a realizacao de 3 sessoes de treinamento de 30 minutos cada, direcionadas a 40 escolares de ambos os sexos. Para verificacao do efeito do treinamento, 3 examinadores avaliaram o preenchimento dos dados antes e apos o mesmo. Foram atribuidos escores de 0 a 5 para aspectos relativos a identificacao, detalhamento e quantificacao do alimento consumido, e calculado o escore medio a partir dos escores de cada examinador para cada aspecto. Utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para comparacao de amostras dependentes. RESULTADOS: Foi constatada evidencia estatistica de diferenca entre os escores antes e apos o treinamento para os tres aspectos: identificacao (p < 0,001), detalhamento (p = 0,003) e quantificacao do alimento (p < 0,001), sendo grande parte dos valores apos o treinamento maiores que os iniciais. CONCLUSAO: E possivel aumentar a habilidade de escolares de 7 a 10 anos no preenchimento de um Diario Alimentar a partir da realizacao de um treinamento nos moldes apresentados neste artigo.

Relação entre índice ponderal ao nascer e excesso de peso corporal em jovens

Identification of modifiable risk factors for obesity has proven crucial for its prevention, for example inadequate intrauterine growth. The current study verified the relationship between nutritional status at birth and overweight in youth. A total of 287 individuals were evaluated, with a mean age of 15.2 years (SD 1.4). Nutritional status at birth was based on the birth weight index, and current status was based on BMI, waist circumference, and body composition. In boys there was a positive association between weight index and overweight (p = 0.05) and excess abdominal fat (p = 0.04). For girls, there was a negative association between weight index and length at birth (p = 0.00) and amount of muscle mass (p = 0.01). Girls with lower weight index presented a higher amount of total body and abdominal fat, while those with higher weight index presented lower final height (p = 0.09). The results suggest that individuals with extreme weight indices are at risk for future obesity, especially at the upper extreme for males and the lower extreme for females.

Development of a food frequency questionnaire for children from 7 to 10 years old

OBJECTIVE To present and discuss the process of the development of a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ) aimed to 7-10 year-old children. METHODS A methodological study was performed based on the application of a Food Diary (FD) fulfilled by 85 children. Based on registered foods, the diet composition in relation to energy and macronutrients was calculated. Foods were grouped into items and the percentage of the contribution of each item to the diet in terms of calories and macronutrients were calculated. RESULTS The QFFQ was constructed with 92 food items, 76 were selected by Blocks method and 16 were identified from other instruments from literature developed for children and adolescents. The food items were grouped in 17 food groups with 3 serving sizes and 7 categories to measure food frequency. CONCLUSION Among the food items, the rice was the one that showed the biggest percentage of contribution for energy and carbohydrates. For other nutrients, the meat and the milk were the ones that contributed most to the consumption of proteins and lipids, respectively.