Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo Tozzi

A new subfamily classification of the leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny

The classification of the legume family proposed here addresses the long-known non-monophyly of the traditionally recognised subfamily Caesalpinioideae, by recognising six robustly supported monophyletic subfamilies. This new classification uses as its framework the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of legumes to date, based on plastid matK gene sequences, and including near-complete sampling of genera (698 of the currently recognised 765 genera) and ca. 20% (3696) of known species. The matK gene region has been the most widely sequenced across the legumes, and in most legume lineages, this gene region is sufficiently variable to yield well-supported clades. This analysis resolves the same major clades as in other phylogenies of whole plastid and nuclear gene sets (with much sparser taxon sampling). Our analysis improves upon previous studies that have used large phylogenies of the Leguminosae for addressing evolutionary questions, because it maximises generic sampling and provides a phylogenetic tree that is based on a fully curated set of sequences that are vouchered and taxonomically validated. The phylogenetic trees obtained and the underlying data are available to browse and download, facilitating subsequent analyses that require evolutionary trees. Here we propose a new community-endorsed classification of the family that reflects the phylogenetic structure that is consistently resolved and recognises six subfamilies in Leguminosae: a recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae DC., Cercidoideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Detarioideae Burmeist., Dialioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Duparquetioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), and Papilionoideae DC. The traditionally recognised subfamily Mimosoideae is a distinct clade nested within the recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae and is referred to informally as the mimosoid clade pending a forthcoming formal tribal and/or cladebased classification of the new Caesalpinioideae. We provide a key for subfamily identification, descriptions with diagnostic charactertistics for the subfamilies, figures illustrating their floral and fruit diversity, and lists of genera by subfamily. This new classification of Leguminosae represents a consensus view of the international legume systematics community; it invokes both compromise and practicality of use.

Twenty-three flavonoids from Lonchocarpus subglaucescens

Abstract Chemical investigation of Lonchocarpus subglaucescens roots resulted in the isolation of 23 flavonoids, whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Ponganone III, ovalichromene B, purpurenone, 12α-hydroxyrotenone, (2,3- trans -3,4- trans )-3,4,5,8-tetramethoxy-[2″,3″:7,6]-furanoflavan, 6″,6″-dimethylchromeno- [2″,3″:7,8]-flavone and 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno-[2″, 3″:7,8]-flavone had been previously isolated from other sources. The 16 new flavonoids are 6-methoxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno-[2″,3″:7,8]-flavanone, (2 S )-5,6-dimethoxy-[2″,3″:7,8]-furanoflavanone, (2 R ,3 R )-3,5,6-trimethoxy-[2″,3″,7,8]-furanoflavanonol, 3,4-methylenedioxy-2′-methoxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno-[2″,3″:4′,3′]-β-hydroxychalcone, ( Z / E )-3,4-methylenedioxy-2′-methoxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno-[2″,3″:4′,3′]-9-methoxychalcone, ( E )-2′-methoxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno-[2″,3″:4′,3′]-9-methoxychalcone, (2,4- cis )-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-4,5,8-trimethoxy-[2″,3″:7,6]-furanoflavan, (2,4- cis )-4,5,6-trimethoxy-[2″,3″:7,8]furanoflavan, 3,4-dimethoxy-2′-hydroxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno-[2″,3″:4′,3′]-chalcone, 3,4-methylenedioxy-2′-hydroxy-3′,6′-dimethoxy-[2″,3″:4′,5′]-furanochalcone, (2,3- trans -3,4- cis -3,4,5,6-tetramethoxy-[2″,3″:7,8]-furanoflavan, (2,3- trans -3,4- trans )-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-3,4,5,8-tetramethoxy-[2″,3″:7,6]-furanoflavan, (2,3- trans -3,4- cis )-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-3,4,5,6-tetramethoxy-[2″,3″:7,8]-furanoflavan, 3,4-methylenedioxy-2′-methoxy-[2″,3″:4′,3′]-dihydrochalcone and 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-8-methoxy-5-hydroxy-6″,6″-dimethylchromeno- [2″,3″:7,6]-isoflavone.

Floral ontogeny of Lecointea, Zollernia, Exostyles, and Harleyodendron (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Swartzieae S.L.)

Floral initiation and development were examined using scanning electron microscopy in Exostyles venusta, Harleyodendron unifoliolatum, Lecointea hatschbachii, and Zollernia ilicifolia. Common features include (1) unidirectional sepal initiation, (2) simultaneous petal initiation, (3) unidirectional initiation of each stamen whorl (except in the antesepalous whorl in Lecointea and Exostyles), (4) overlap in time of initiation of the two stamen whorls, and (5) initiation of the carpel concurrently with petals. Significant developmental features include (1) the first sepal median abaxial in all except Lecointea where it is non-median abaxial; (2) intraspecific variation in petal aestivation in Exostyles, Harleyodendron, and Lecointea; (3) initiation of antepetalous stamens before the antesepalous ones in Zollernia, Exostyles, and Lecointea; and (4) ovule initiation before the carpel margins are fused in Exostyles. The stamen sequence has not been found in any other legumes. The following late developmental events distinguish the four genera from each other: copious hairs hold the anthers together as a domelike structure at anthesis in Harleyodendron; zygomorphy in Zollernia results from differing petal reflexion; late hypanthium in Exostyles, Lecointea, and Holocalyx (no hypanthium in Harleyodendron or Zollernia); and reflexed sepal lobes in Exostyles, Harleyodendron, and Zollernia but not in Holocalyx and Lecointea. The genera studied here are ontogenetically more similar to taxa of Sophoreae than to other Swartzieae that have been investigated. None of the taxa studied here has a ring meristem, the structure that characterizes the remaining swartzioid taxa studied elsewhere.

Bauhinia ser. Cansenia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) no Brasil

This treatment provides a key to identification, synonymy, description, geographic distribution and habitat, taxonomic comments for 35 species and 4 varieties of Bauhinia sect. Pauletia ser. Cansenia, native to Brazil. Besides this, the introdutory chapter offers a preliminary study of the morphological characters and interspecific relationship of studied taxa. The taxonomic treatment presented is based on more than 1200 herbarium collections and several duplicates (sheets) of most of these collections of more than 60 herbaria. Taxonomic characters were also observed on trees of 3 species cultivated at Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Field observations were made at Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Goiás states and Federal District. Two new occurrences of species for Brazil − B. c nnamomea e B. conwayi − are recorded. A new name (replacement name) – Three new combinations are proposed. Twenty nine taxonomic (heterotypic) synonyms are accepted and 25 of them are presented here for the first time. The distribution of the studied taxa of B uhinia ser. Cansenia is shown in 9 maps. Nineteen illustrative plates are presented.

Leguminosae, Papilionoideae no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil. II: árvores e arbustos escandentes

This work is a floristic survey of arboreous and climbing shrub taxa of Papilionoideae in a semideciduos forest at Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, eastern Minas Gerais State. Field work was carried out from April/1998 to May/1999, when montly visits were conducted to collect botanical material along trails and of the main road. The floristic survey resulted in 22 taxa belonging to eight genera. An identification key, descriptions, illustrations and comments on the analyzed taxa are presented.

Saponins from Swartzia langsdorffii: Biological Activities

The presence of saponins and the molluscicidal activity of the roots, leaves, seeds and fruits of Swartzia langsdorffii Raddi (Leguminosae) against Biomphalaria glabrata adults and eggs were investigated. The roots, seeds and fruits were macerated in 95% ethanol. These extracts exerted a significant molluscicidal activity against B. glabrata, up to a dilution of 100 mg/l. Four mixtures (A2, B2, C and D) of triterpenoid oleanane type saponins were chromatographically isolated from the seed and fruit extracts. Two known saponins (1 and 2) were identified as beta-D-glucopyranosyl-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)- beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1->3)]-3beta-hydroxyolean-12-ene-28 -oate, and beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1 ->3)]-3beta-hydroxyolean-12-ene-28-oate, respectively. These two saponins were present in all the mixtures, together with other triterpenoid oleane type saponins, which were shown to be less polar, by reversed-phase HPLC. The saponin identifications were based on spectral evidence, including H- H two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, and heteronuclear multiple-bond connectivity experiments. The toxicity of S. langsdorffii saponins to non-target organisms was prescreened by the brine shrimp lethality test.

Sinopse de Bauhinia sect. Pauletia (Cav.) DC. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Cercideae) no Brasil

This treatment presents a key to identification, brief synonymy and taxonomic comments for nineteen taxa (eighteen species and one subspecies) of the genus Bauhinia sect. Pauletia, belonging to five series: Aculeatae, Acuminatae, Ariaria, Pentandrae and Perlebia. The distribution of the native species was plotted on three maps. Two plates, illustrative of Bauhinia aculeata and B. tarapotensis are presented.

The taxonomy of some Swartzieae (Leguminosae, subfam. Papilionoideae) from southeastern Brazil

Three new species of Swartzieae are described and illustrated:Swartzia alternifoliolata, S. capixabensis, andZollernia cowanii. Swartzia apetala var.blanchetii and var.subcordata are considered to be synonyms ofS. apetala var.apetala, andS. grazielana a synonym ofS. macrostachya var.macrostachya. Keys to southeastern Brazil members ofSwartzia andZollernia are provided.

As espécies de Machaerium Pers. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae - Dalbergieae) ocorrentes no estado de São Paulo

The genus Machaerium is represented in the state of Sao Paulo by 17 species: M. acutifolium Vog., M. amplum Benth., M. brasiliense Vog., M. cantarellianum Hoehne, M. declinatum (Vell.) Stellfeld, M. dimorphandrum Hoehne, M. hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld, M. lanceolatum (Vell.) J.F. Macbr., M. nictitans (Vell.) Benth., M. oblongifolium Vog., M. paraguariense Hassl., M. scleroxylon Tul., M. stipitatum Vog., M. triste Vog., M. uncinatum (Vell.) Benth., M. vestitum Vog. e M. villosum Vog. A key to the species, descriptions, commentaries, illustrations and data on distribution are provided.

Morfologia de plântulas de cinco leguminosas genistóides arbóreas do Brasil (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)

This work aims to describe, illustrate and compare the seedling morphology of five tree species of the genera Bowdichia, Cyclolobium, Diplotropis, Ormosia, and Poecilanthe, which belong to the genistoid clade (Leguminosae Papilionoideae). Phanero-epigeal-foliaceous seedlings are found in Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth, Cyclolobium brasiliense Benth. has phanero-epigeal-reserve seedlings, while Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms, Diplotropis martiusii Benth., and Poecilanthe parviflora Benth. possess crypto-hypogeal-reserve seedlings. Some other relevant seedling morphological characters are discussed and compared with those of previously studied species in these genera.