Annetta Weber

Quantitative bestimmung verschiedener gasphasenkomponenten des nebenstromrauches von zigaretten in der raumluft als beitrag zum problem des passivrauchens

SummaryIn an unventilated climatized room of 30 m3 30 American-blend cigarettes were simultaneously smoked by machine under standardized conditions. 6 aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, styrene), 5 ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, methylvinyl-ketone, 2,3-butandione), 5 nitriles (acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, isovaleronitrile, valeronitrile) and 4 other gas-phase components of the side-stream smoke (acroleine,2-methyl-furane, 2,5-dimethyl-furane, limonene) were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography using a capillary column. In addition, one cigarette was smoked under identical conditions in a plexiglass chamber having a volume of 272 1, and, in order to compare these two methods, the results were expressed in the dimensions of the climatized room (i.e. 30 cigarettes/30 m3).Although in these experiments we worked with high smoke concentrations, only for acroleine, which is known to be a strong irritant, were the MICD1 (0.005 ppm), the MICK1 (0.01 ppm) and the MAC1 (0.1 ppm) exceeded. The concentration of this compound was 0.37 ppm in the climatized room and 0.38 ppm in the plexiglass chamber.Using specific physico-chemical methods, we determined the carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide formed when a variable number of cigarettes were smoked in the climatized room. The MICD (9 ppm), the MICK (16 ppm) and the MAC (50 ppm) of carbon monoxide were reached with 4, 7 and 20 cigarettes, respectively. For formaldehyde, the MICD (0.020 ppm) was already exceeded in the unpolluted air (mean value of 10 measurements: 0.036 ppm), whereas the MICK (0.06 ppm) was achieved by smoking about one cigarette. Concerning the nitrogen dioxide- and the nitric oxide-measurements, the experiments showed that the side-stream smoke of the cigarettes used consisted only of nitric oxide.ZussammenfassungIn einer unbelüfteten Klimakammer von 30 m3 Rauminhalt wurden maschinell gleichzeitig 30 Zigaretten abgeraucht und mittels der Capillarsäulen-Gaschromatographie 6 aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (Benzol, Toluol, o-Xylol, m-Xylol, p-Xylol, Styrol), 5 Ketone (Aceton, 2-Butanon, 2-Pentanon, Methyl-Vinyl-Keton, 2,3-Butandion), 5 Nitrile (Acetonitril, Propionitril, Butyronitril, Isovaleronitril, Valeronitril) und neben Acrolein noch 3 weitere Gasphasenkomponente des Nebenstromrauches (2-Methyl-Furan, 2,5-Dimethylfuran, Limonen) identifiziert und quantitativ ausgewertet. Ferner wurde in einer Plexiglaskammer von 272 1 Inhalt unter identischen Bedingungen 1 Zigarette abgeraucht und die mit dieser Methode erhaltenen Werte der einzelnen Gasphasenkomponenten auf die Dimensionen der Klimakammer umgerechnet.Obwohl wir in diesen beiden Versuchsserien mit hohen Rauchkonzentrationen arbeiteten, warden einzig für Acrolein, das allerdings als sehr starkes Irritans bekannt ist, die MIKD− (0,005 ppm), die MIKK− (0,01 ppm) und die MAK-Werte (0,1 ppm) überschritten, erreichten doch die Konzentrationen 0,37 ppm in der Klimakammer bzw. 0,38 ppm in der Plexiglaskammer.Mit substanzspezifischen Monitor-Systemen bestimmten wir überdies bei einer variablen Anzahl Zigaretten die Kohlenmonoxid-, Formaldehyd- und Stickoxid-Konzentrationen in der Klimakammer. Die MIKD− (9 ppm), MIKK−(16 ppm) and MAK-Werte (50 ppm) von Kohlenmonoxid wurden dabei mit etwa 4 bzw. 7 bzw. 20 Zigaretten überschritten. Bei Formaldehyd lagen bereits die Nulluft-Konzentrationen (Mittelwert aus 10 Messungen: 0,036 ppm) oberhalb des MIKD Wertes (0,02 ppm), und zur Erreichung der MIKK- Schwelle (0,06 ppm) mußte lediglich etwas mehr als 1 Zigarette abgeraucht warden.Die Stickoxid-Bestimmungen zeigten, daß der Nebenstromrauch der von uns verwendeten Zigaretten nur Stickstoffoxid enthielt.

Passivrauchen am Arbeitsplatz

The air pollution due to tobacco smoke and its effects on employees were investigated in 44 work-rooms. For that purpose the concentration of CO, NO, Nicotine and the Particulate Matter were determined and 472 employees were interviewed about annoyance and irritations. The mean values of the concentrations of the components due to tobacco smoke are: CO = 1.1 ppm, NO = 32 ppb, Nicotine = 0.9 micrograms/m3, Particulate Matter = 133 micrograms/m3. The use of an indicator is discussed. One third of the employees qualifies the air wit regard to smoke at work place as bad. 40% of the interviewed persons are disturbed by smoke. One quarter of th persons indicates eye irritations. The majority of the employees support a separation of the rooms in smoking and non-smoking areas. This seems to be the most appropriate preventive measure for the protection of the nonsmokers at work.

Air pollution due to tobacco smoke in restaurants

SummaryIn four restaurants we studied the degree of air pollution due to tobacco smoke and its annoying effects on 360 guests. The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (N02), sulfur dioxide (S02) and acrolein (CH2CHCHO) were determined. It appeared, that the differences Δ = indoor concentration — outdoor concentration for CO and NO can be used as indicators to estimate the degree of air pollution due to tobacco smoke.In three of the analysed restaurants we measured very low tobacco induced values of CO and NO (mean values: 0 to 1.1 ppm ΔCO and 0 to 69 ppb ΔNO). These concentrations are harmless to the health of the guests. Higher values were measured in a badly ventilated tavern (mean values: 3.3 ppm ΔCO and 156 ppb ΔNO). These values, too, may be considered harmless. With these exposures, however, other substances caused irritations and annoyance (12 % of the 360 guests indicated moderate to strong eye irritations).ZusammenfassungWir haten in vier Gaststätten das Ausmaß der Luftverunreinigung durch Tabakrauch und ihre Belästigungswirkungen auf 360 anwesende Gäste untersucht. Es wurden die Konzentrationen von Kohlenmonoxid (CO), Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), Stickstoffdioxid (NO2), Schwefeldioxid (S02) and Akrolein (CH2CHCHO) bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Differenzen Δ = Innenkonzentration — Außenkonzentration von CO and NO als Indikatoren zur Beurteilung der Luftverunreinigung durch Tabakrauch verwendet werden können.In drei der untersuchten Gaststätten sind sehr niedrige tabakrauchbedingte Werte von CO and NO gemessen worden (im Mittel 0 bis 1.1 ppm ΔCO and 0 bis 69 ppb ΔNO). Diese Konzentrationen sind für die Gesundheit der Gäste unbedenklich. In einer schlecht beüifteten Kneipe wurden höhere Werte gemessen (im Mittel 3.3 ppm ΔCO and 156 ppb ΔNO). Auch these Werte sind als ungef:ahrlich zu beurteilen. Hingegen verursachen bei dieser Exposition andere Stoffe Reizungen und Beläastigungen (12 % der Gäste hatten mittlere bis starke Augenreizungen).In four restaurants we studied the degree of air pollution due to tobacco smoke and its annoying effects on 360 guests. The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (N02), sulfur dioxide (S02) and acrolein (CH2CHCHO) were determined. It appeared, that the differences Δ = indoor concentration — outdoor concentration for CO and NO can be used as indicators to estimate the degree of air pollution due to tobacco smoke.

Schadstoffkonzentrationen im blasfeld von rauchern

SummaryThe concentrations of particles and nitrogen oxide have been measured in the “blowing cloud” of a smoker. At a distance of 1 m from the smoker, the peak values range from 41 to 750 ppb NO and 3 330 to 99 680 μg/m3 particles. These high concentrations decrease very rapidly (half-life period between 2 and 20 s). At a distance of 3 m, there is no more real “blowing cloud”. In addition to the sidestream smoke, the relatively high concentrations of particles in the “blowing cloud” of the smoker could also be responsible for the acute irritating effects of the passive smoker.ZusammenfassungIm Blasfeld eines Rauchers wurden die Partikeln- und Stickoxidkonzentrationen gemessen. In 1 m Abstand vom Raucher bewegen sich die Spitzenwerte von 41 bis 750 ppb NO and von 3 330 bis 99 680 μg/m3 Partikeln. Diese hohen Konzentrationen fallen sehr rasch ab (Halbwertzeiten zwischen 2 und 20 s). In 3 m Abstand gibt es kein eigentliches Blasfeld mehr. Zusätzlich zum Nebenstromrauch können die vergleichsweise hohen Partikelnkonzentrationen im Blasfeld des Rauchers für die akuten Reizungen des Passivrauchers mitverantwortlich sein.

La pollution de l'air par la fumée de cigarettes: effets physiologiques et irritations

ZusammenfassungWir untersuchten die Irritationen, Beurteilung der Luftqualität, Lidschlusshäufigkeit und Lungenfunktionen in Abhängigkeit der durch Zigarettenrauch verursachten Luftverunreinigung. Die erfassten Wirkungen wurden in Beziehung zur Konzentration einiger in der Luft gemessener Schadstoffe gebracht.SummaryWe assessed the effects on the judgement of air quality, eye blinking rate, and lung functions of air pollution due to cigarette smoke. At the same time, subjective irritations were recorded. The measured effects were brought into relationship with the concentration of some pollutants in the air.We assessed the effects on the judgement of air quality, eye blinking rate,and lung functions of air pollution due to cigarette smoke. At the same time, subjective irritations were recorded. The measured effects were brought into relationship with the concentration of some pollutants in the air.

Passive smoking. Acute effects on the lung function of sensitive persons

From the relationship between the degree of air pollution due to tobacco and its acute effects on healthy persons it is possible to estimate the still tolerable level of air pollution for healthy adults. The results and conclusions of the studies published by now on acute effects of passive smoking on patients with bronchial asthma are partially contradictory and do not allow a reliable estimation of the upper limit of tobacco smoke exposure for this particularly sensitive group. Because of methodological problems in studies with symptomatic asthmatics, further studies should be conducted which investigate patients with hayfever and asthma out of the pollen season, clinically healthy subjects with nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity upon pharmacological challenge, and subjects who claim sensitivity to tobacco smoke.

A survey on attitudes towards passive smoking among schoolchildren and students in Switzerland

ZusammenfassungDie Einstellung und die Reaktionen gegenüber dem Passivrauchen sowie die Einstellung zum aktiven Rauchen wurden bei Schülern und Studenten der Stadt Zürich untersucht. 183 13jährige und 203 16jährige Schulkinder sowie 367 23jährige Studenten wurden mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens befragt. Die interessantesten Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:Signifikant mehr der jüngeren (81 %) als der älteren Schüler (70 %) mögen das Passivrauchen nicht.Signifikant mehr Nichtraucher als Raucher mögen das Passivrauchen nicht.Die Jugendlichen, deren Eltern nicht rauchen, mögen das Passivrauchen weniger als diejenigen, deren Eltern rauchen.80% der Studenten, 64% der älteren und 82% der jüngeren Kinder klagen über eine oder mehrere Arten von Reizungen, die durch das Passivrauchen hervorgerufen werden. Die häufigsten Beeinträchtigungen sind Augenreizungen, gefolgt von Husten und Reizungen in der Nase.Nichtraucher klagen häufiger über Reizungen als Raucher.Bezüglich der Auswirkungen des Passivrauchens besteht kein Unterschied zwischen Mädchen und Jungen.AbstractThe attitudes and reactions to passive smoking as well as the attitudes to active smoking have been investigated among schoolchildren and students in Zurich. 183 13-year-old children, 203 16-yearold children, and 367 23-year-old students were interviewed by a questionnaire. The most interesting results are as follows:Significantly more of the younger children (81 %) than of the elder children (70%) and the students (70 %) dislike passive smoking.Significantly more nonsmokers dislike passive smoking than smokers.The subjects whose parents smoke dislike passive smoking less than the subjects whose parents do not smoke.80% of the students, 64% of the elder children, and 82% of the younger children complain of one or more kinds of irritations due to passive smoking. The most common impairment is eye irritation, followed by cough and nose irritation.More nonsmokers complain of irritations than smokers.There is no significant difference between girls and boys as for the reactions to passive smoking.

Luftverunreinigung durch Zigarettenrauch

In a climatized room of 30 M3 various gas-phase components of the side-stress smoke of cigarettes were quantitatively determined. In these experiments, acroleine, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and nitric oxide reached relatively high values.

Wirkungen niedriger Kohlenmonoxid-Konzentrationen auf die Flimmerverschmelzungsfrequenz und das subjektive Befinden des Menschen

SummaryThe contradictory results found in the literature on the effects of carbon monoxide (CO) led us to the hypothesis that results could depend on the degree of activation of the subjects, i.e. on the corresponding experimental conditions. For that purpose we examined the effects of low CO exposures on the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and the assessment of the subjective condition in a monotonous as well as in an activating situation.20 healthy non-smokers were examined in a climatized chamber. In a first part, 10 subjects participated in a monotonous and an activating session each, with as well as without CO exposures. In the second part, the experiment was completed with another 10 subjects, whereby the monotonous situation only was applied. The CO concentration in the climatized chamber amounted to 150 ppm, which resulted in a carboxyhemoglobin level of 9 – 11% at the end of the sessions (i.e. after 3 1/2 hrs). The monotonous situation was characterized by a uniform repetitive activity (counting nails during 3 hrs in a given beat). In the activating situation, the subjects had to carry out a series of psychomotor tests, whereby they could listen to music in the intervals. The CFF was measured at the beginning of each session and again after each subsequent hour. The assessment of the subjective condition was recorded at the beginning as well as at the end of the sessions, and, for 10 persons, after the second hour of each session by means of 2 questionnaires.Results: The monotonous situation caused a mean decrease of the CFF of 1,8 Hz between the beginning and the end of the session, as well as a significant “desactivation” of the subjective feelings. The activating situation did not influence the CFF nor the subjective condition.