Antônio Luis Santi

Variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade de culturas sob sistema plantio direto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade de soja, milho e trigo, em uma lavoura comercial de 57 ha, nao irrigada, manejada ha mais de dez anos sob sistema plantio direto, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrofico tipico, em Palmeira das Missoes, RS. A coleta de dados de produtividade de seis cultivos, entre 2000 e 2005, foi realizada por colhedora equipada com monitor de produtividade. Analises estatisticas e geoestatisticas foram realizadas a fim de avaliar a variabilidade espacial e a presenca de dependencia espacial ao longo dos anos. A produtividade da soja, do milho e do trigo alcancada apresenta variabilidade com continuidade espacial, correlacionando-se entre si, ao longo dos anos. Em anos de deficit hidrico, verifica-se aumento da variabilidade espacial da produtividade. A cultura do milho e mais eficiente do que a da soja em detectar a variabilidade espacial da produtividade existente na lavoura.

Tamanho ótimo de parcela e número de repetições em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril)

With the objective of verifying if different cultivars of soybean modify the estimates of the optimum plot size and of the numbers of replications, an experiment was conduced in the agriculturist year of 2000/01 in area pertaining to the Department of Crop Science in Santa Maria University Campus. Two cultivars of soybean were used (BRS 137 and Fepagro-RS10), conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. The size of plot was evaluated through the method of maximum modified bending. The test of parallelism of SEBER (1976), was used to verify the heterogeneousness of reply among tested cultivars. The number of replications was estimated through the described methodology for HATHEWAY (1961). It can be concluded that to cultivars studied the number of replications that confers an adequate accuracy is equal to seven and the optimum plot size is 3.96m2.

Análise de componentes principais de atributos químicos e físicos do solo limitantes à produtividade de grãos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio da analise dos componentes principais, a reducao na dimensionalidade de atributos quimicos e fisicos do solo para a compreensao da variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade de culturas de graos. A area experimental, de 54 ha, e manejada em agricultura de precisao ha oito anos. Com base em seis mapas de colheita (soja – safra 2000/2001; milho – 2001/2002; soja – 2002/2003; trigo – 2003; soja – 2003/2004; e milho – 2004/2005), a area foi dividida em tres zonas de produtividade de graos (alta, media e baixa). Foram definidos 15 pontos georreferenciados representativos, para determinacao de atributos quimicos e fisicos do solo, o que totalizou 63 variaveis analisadas. Entre os atributos quimicos, o elevado teor de K no solo e o que melhor explica a variabilidade espacial da produtividade das culturas de graos, provavelmente em razao do desbalanco das relacoes Ca:K e Mg:K. A zona de baixa produtividade apresentou baixa qualidade fisica do solo. Neste caso, a infiltracao de agua no solo, isoladamente, e a variavel que melhor explica o desempenho das culturas de graos. A analise dos componentes principais dos atributos quimicos e fisicos do solo e estrategia eficiente para explicar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade de culturas de graos.

Habilidade competitiva de cultivares de trigo com plantas daninhas

Competitive ability is an important tool for integrated weed management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of wheat cultivars in competing with the weeds Italian ryegrass and wild radish, at different periods of coexistence. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 x 3, with three replicates. The following wheat cultivars were allocated in Factor A: BRS Guamirin - short cycle and short plant height; Fundacep Cristalino - short cycle and medium plant height; Fundacep Raizes - medium cycle and medium plant height; and BRS 296 - short cycle and tall plant height. In Factor B, absence or presence of weed control, and in Factor C, weed management time (throughout the crop cycle or until pre-harvest, up to 15 days after seeding and 30 days after seeding - DAS). The Fundacep Cristalino cultivar - short cycle and medium plant height- showed more competitive ability than the Italian ryegrass and wild radish, compared to the other cultivars, in all the periods evaluated. Weed control in wheat must be performed early, especially for cultivars with lower competitive ability.

Manejo de Conyza bonariensis resistente ao glyphosate: coberturas de inverno e herbicidas em pré-semeadura da soja

Conyza bonariensis became the main weed in soybean crop in Southern Brazil, as a consequence of the evolution of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different winter cover crops and the association of burn-down herbicides on the control of glyphosate-resistant C. bonariensis. A field experiment was conducted in the 2010/2011 season. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot scheme, with the winter cover crops lopsided oat, radish, common vetch, Italian ryegrass, wheat, and fallow in the main plots, and in the subplots, the following burn-down treatments: glyphosate (720 g e.a ha-1), glyphosate (720 g e.a ha-1) + 2,4-D (1.050 g e.a ha-1), glyphosate (720 g e.a ha-1) + 2,4-D (1.050 g e.a ha‑1)/paraquat (200 g i.a ha-1) + diuron (100 g i.a ha-1), glyphosate (720 g e.a ha-1) + chlorimuron-ethyl (80 g i.a ha-1), glyphosate (720 g e.a ha-1) + chlorimuron-ethyl (80 g i.a ha-1)/paraquat (200 g i.a ha-1) + diuron (100 g i.a ha-1) and mowing. Radish was the cover crop species that produced the highest amount of shoot dry mass during the winter season, while common vetch had the highest suppressive effect on germination and initial development of C. bonariensis. Associations of glyphosate with 2,4-D or chlorimuron-ethyl, followed by the sequential application of paraquat + diuron, caused the highest reductions in C. bonariensis infestation.

Densidade amostral aplicada ao monitoramento georreferenciado de lagartas desfolhadoras na cultura da soja

The knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of pest insects on soybean crop through the use of precision agriculture tools, have been appointed as an important strategy in the integrated pest management (IPM). In this sense, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of sample density in the monitoring of defoliating caterpillars in soybean crop. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of 47.98ha, located in Julio de Castilhos - RS city, in 2008/2009 season. The georeferenced monitoring was carried out following three regular grids, 50x50m, 71x71m and 100x100m and also following the traditional method of sampling. During the entire crop cycle, and for each grid, there were conducted five evaluations of caterpillar infestations, two on the vegetative stage and three in the reproductive, using a beat cloth. To analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of caterpillars in the area, the data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and geostatistics analysis, using semivariograms and kriging to the elaboration of thematic maps. The results obtained indicated that the evaluated sample grids allowed to characterize the spatial distribution of caterpillars and modeled the spatial variability of caterpillars in soybean crop. The sampling and the georeferenced monitoring and further development of georeferenced thematic maps constitute a potential alternative to aggregate to the IPM strategies.

Metodologia experimental para rendimento de grãos de soja em condições de restrição de espaço

The aim of this research was to optimize experimental planning for soybean crop in experiments with restrictions for grain yield, in order to reduce experimental plot size. The experiment was carried out at Santa Maria Federal University, in the agricultural year of 2000/2001, using a randomized block design, with three replicates, and two soybean cultivars (BRS137 and Fepagro RS10) used as treatments. Each replication was constituted by 18 rows of 8-m long and 44 cm of spacing between rows. Harvest was performed in basic units (ub) of 1 m of row (0.44 m2), totaling 144 ub. Plot size and true difference between treatment means were estimated by Hatheway method, with three different numbers of replications (4, 8 and 16) to verify, in the grain yield variable, which combination would minimize experimental area for soybean crop. The same plot size can be used for different soybean cultivars, keeping constant precision degree and number of replicates. Experiments can be optimized using larger number of replications and reducing plot size.

RESISTÊNCIA À PENETRAÇÃO, EFICIÊNCIA DE ESCARIFICADORES MECÂNICOS E PRODUTIVIDADE DA SOJA EM LATOSSOLO ARGILOSO MANEJADO SOB PLANTIO DIRETO DE LONGA DURAÇÃO

Frequently, soil compaction limits the yield of grain crops in mechanized lands, and its spatial distribution in the cropland is usually regionalized. In an area managed under long-term no-tillage, we investigated the relationship between soil penetration resistance (PR) and soybean yield, the effectiveness of types of chisel plows, and their effect on soybean yield. The soil from the plateau region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was classified as a clayey Oxisol. The climate is subtropical (Cfa - Koppen classification), with annual rainfall of 1,750 mm and mean annual temperature of 18.7 oC. A completely randomized block experimental design was used with four treatments and two replications. The treatments, arranged in parallel strips of 100 × 20 m, were: a) site-specific chisel plow with variable depth according to soil penetration resistance (PR) (ESEV); b) conventional chisel plow (EC) with fixed depth; c) site-specific chisel plow with fixed depth (ESEF); d) control - without chisel plowing (SE). To evaluate PR, a digital penetrometer with georeferenced readings with a 50 × 50 m grid was used, with two evaluation periods. Soybean grain yield was obtained through a combine equipped with a yield sensor and GPS satellite receiver. A mean value of 1.4 MPa was observed for RP after cover crop management practices and a mean value of 2.1 after harvest. The RP reading after cover crop management and soybean grain yield exhibited poor correlation (r2 = -0.297; p<0.05). The PR values of 3.0 and 5.0 MPa resulted in decreases of approximately 10 and 38 % of soybean grain yields, respectively. Chisel plowing, regardless of the piece type of equipment used, did not increase soybean yield compared to the control without soil tillage. This result was attributed to the frequent rainfall and good physical and hydraulic conditions of long-term no-till.

Eficiência de malhas amostrais utilizadas na caracterização da variabilidade espacial de fósforo e potássio

The objective of the research was to evaluate the efficiency of the sampling grids, used in areas managed with precision agriculture, for the characterization of spatial variability levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The study was conducted in 30 agricultural areas, located in Rio Grande do Sul state, presenting soils classified as Oxisols. The sizes of the sampling grids studied were: 100x100m (10 areas), 142x142m (10 areas) and 173x173m (10 areas).Were analyzed the levels of P and K, in depth of sampling from 0.00-0.10m. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and geostatistical analysis. In, general, the areas showed average levels of P and K suitable for crops development. However, were observed subareas with low levels of P, justifying fertilization on site-specific. Based on geostatistical parameters, sizes of the sampling grids used are efficient to capture the different scales of spatial variability of P and K, however, it is indicated smaller sampling grids to consider the spatial variability over short distances.

Dessecação pré-colheita e efeitos sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja

The anticipation of soybean harvest is possible with the use of pre-harvest burn-down practice, which reduces the time of permanence of seeds in the field, after reaching physiological maturation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of time of application of the herbicide paraquat as burn-down during soybean pre harvest on yield and physiological quality of the seeds. The work consisted of two steps: one field experiment, conducted in Jaboticaba-RS, in 2010/2011 and the analysis of the physiological quality of seeds. The treatments consisted of three times of paraquat (240 g a.i. ha-1) application, R6, R7.1 and R7.3, as well as one untreated (without burn‑down). Yield grains and yield components were evaluated. Seed quality analysis was conducted at the Seed Production and Technology Laboratory of UFSM, Campus of Frederico Westphalen, RS, where the following evaluations were carried out : germination, first germination count, root and shoot weight, shoot dry mass of seedlings, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, field emergence and emergence velocity index. Paraquat application as burn-down practice in soybean pre harvest, at the R6 and R7.1 soybean stages, causes high yield loss in soybean crop. Burn-down without potential yield loss is only viable after R7.3 soybean growth stage. Seeds originated from plants which received paraquat application in R6 and R7.1, show a superior percentile of germination and a higher germination velocity. However, seeds from plants which received paraquat at stage R6 have less seed vigor.