Rodrigo Ferreira da Silva

Copper resistance of different ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus microcarpus, Pisolithus sp., Scleroderma sp. and Suillus sp.

Environments contaminated with heavy metals negatively impact the living organisms. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have shown important role in these impacted sites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the copper-resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates Pisolithus microcarpus - UFSC-Pt116; Pisolithus sp. - UFSC-PT24, Suillus sp. - UFSM RA 2.8 and Scleroderma sp. - UFSC-Sc124 to different copper doses in solid and liquid media. The copper doses tested were: 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mmol L−1 in the solid medium and 0.00, 0.32, 0.64 and 0.96 mmol L−1 in the liquid medium. Copper was amended as copper sulphate in order to supplement the culture medium MNM at pH 4.8, with seven replicates to each fungus-dose combination. The fungal isolates were incubated for 30 days at 28 °C. UFSC-Pt116 showed high copper-resistance such as accessed by CL50 determinations (concentration to reduce 50% of the growth) as while as UFSC-PT24 displayed copper-resistance mechanism at 0.50 mmol L−1 in solid medium. The UFSC-PT24 and UFSC-Sc124 isolates have increased copper-resistance in liquid medium. The higher production of extracellular pigment was detected in UFSC-Pt116 cultures. The UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 isolates showed higher resistance for copper and produced higher mycelium biomass than the other isolates. In this way, the isolates UFSG-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 can be important candidates to survive in copper-contaminated areas, and can show important role in plants symbiosis in these contaminated sites.

ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden NO ESTÍMULO À MICORRIZAÇÃO DE MUDAS DE SIBIPIRUNA (Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth.)

Os metabolitos secundarios extraidos de especies florestais formadoras de ectomicorrizas podem estimular a simbiose entre fungos ectomicorrizicos e especies florestais nativas do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do oleo essencial de eucalipto na formacao de associacao ectomicorrizica e no crescimento de mudas de sibipiruna, em condicoes de casa de vegetacao. Plântulas de sibipiruna foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos constituidos pela presenca e ausencia do inoculo ectomicorrizico Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) e aplicacao ou nao do oleo essencial de eucalipto. O oleo essencial foi solubilizado e aplicado com pulverizador manual nos periodos de 0, 7 e 14 dias a contar da data de transplante das plântulas. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete repeticoes. Decorridos 90 dias de crescimento, as mudas foram coletadas e avaliou-se altura, diâmetro do colo, comprimento de raizes, massa seca da parte aerea e porcentagem de colonizacao micorrizica. A aplicacao do oleo essencial de eucalipto favoreceu a ocorrencia de associacao ectomicorrizica, com Pisolithus microcarpus em mudas de sibipiruna, proporcionando aumento significativo no desenvolvimento da parte aerea das mudas.

Comportamento de Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan e Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong cultivadas em solo contaminado com cobre

Soils contaminated by copper may interfere with the physiological development and establishment of plants. An alternative for the revegetation of these soils is the use of native species tolerant to copper. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of three native forest species to excess copper in the soil. The species used were: angico - Peltophorum dubium , canafistula - P. rigida and timbauva - Enterolobium contortisiliquum . The experiment was completely randomized in a 3 x 5 schedule, with three tree species and five doses of copper (0, 64, 128, 192 and 256 mg kg-1 soil) with six replicates. Plant height, shoot dry weight, length and specific root surface area and copper content in shoots and roots were determined. Canafistula and timbauva species showed storage of copper in roots and low translocation to the shoot. The shoot dry weight of timbauva and canafistula increased with small doses of copper while the shoot dry mass of angico was not affected by the doses tested. The timbauva and angico showed greater capacity for tolerance to copper contamination in the soil than did canafistula.

Crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Timbó e Dedaleiro cultivadas em solo contaminado por cobre

The mining and viticulture activities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil have contributed to soil contamination by copper. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper doses on growth and quality of Ateleia glazioviana and Lafoensia pacari seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (2 x 4) with five replications. The experiment involved two forest species and three copper doses (64, 128 and 192 mg kg-1). The plant height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry-mass, length and specific superficial area of roots, as well as seedlings quality index: relationship between shoot height and stem diameter, shoot height and dry-mass of shoots were evaluated. In addition, Dicksons quality index was estimated. The results showed that the tested copper doses reduce the quality of seedlings of Ateleia glazioviana; however, the Lafoensia pacari quality was better with Cu dose of 128 mg kg-1. Dose of copper influenced the growth of Ateleia glazioviana seedlings, but increased significantly the length and specific surface area of the Lafoensia pacari up to Cu dose of 128 mg kg-1. Lafoensia pacari seedlings are more tolerant to soil contamination than Ateleia glazioviana and display better quality of seedlings at high copper doses.

Doses de dejeto líquido de suínos na comunidade da fauna edáfica em sistema plantio direto e cultivo mínimo

The high production of liquid pig slurry makes the soil, the main alternative to its use as an organic fertilizer. However, the addition of organic residues in soil management systems is a factor that may influence the soil biota. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dose application of liquid swine manure on soil biota in different cropping systems. The study was conducted in the experimental area located in the Taquarucu do Sul. The design was a randomized block factorial arrangement (2x5), two soil management (minimum and no tillage) and five doses (0, 20, 40, 80m3 ha-1 of liquid swine slurry and chemical fertilizer - ROLAS) with four replications. Sampling of soil biota was carried out with PROVID traps in plots of 22.5m2. It was evaluated the total group, springtails, mites, abundance, richness, Simpson’s index, Shannon’s diversity and Pielou’s index. The results indicate that no tillage system associated with 40 and 80m3 ha-1 resulted in a greater abundance of organisms, caused by the greater number of springtails. The mite population is larger in minimum tillage compared to no tillage at a rate of 80m3 ha-1. In no-tillage increases the dominance of Simpson and Shannon diversity decreases with increasing levels of liquid swine manure.

PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus grandis EM SUBSTRATOS ORGÂNICOS ALTERNATIVOS

Studies regarding the disposal of urban and agro-industries waste have become essential for the possibility of their use in forest seedling production and the environmental impact that would be caused by improper disposal. The study was developed to evaluate the growth of Eucalyptus grandisseedlings submitted to different types and combinations of urban and agro-industrial organic substrates. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments consisting of different substrates and proportions combinations of them (100% organic compost urban waste (COLU), 100% organic compost of the agro-industrial residue (CORA); 100% commercial substrate; 25% (COLU)+ 75% Commercial; 25% CORA +75% Commercial; 25% COLU + 75% soil; 50% COLU +50% Commercial; 50% CORA +50% Commercial; 50% Commercial + 50% soiland 100% Soil) and 12 repetitions. It was evaluated plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, length between node, fresh weight of shoot and root dry mass of shoots and roots, total dry weight, main root length, root system length, root volume, average root radius, specific surface area of the root system and stability of clod.The substrates containing organic compost urban show great potential for use as alternative substrates for the production of seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis. A mixture of commercial substrate to organic compost allows the urban growth of root and the shoot of seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis. A mixture of 50% commercial substrate and 50% organic compound of agro-industrial waste provide more stem diameter growth compared to treatments containing soil or over the organic compound of agro-industrial waste.

EFEITO DO COBRE SOBRE O CRESCIMENTO E QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart. E Cassia multijuga Rich.

Soil contamination with copper has become common in the mining and agricultural regions by the use of copper-based-fungicide and application of liquid swine slurry to the soil, causing a reduction in plant productivity. Therefore, a study was undertaken to determine the effect of copper doses in growth and quality of Barbatimao (Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart.) and Cassia (Cassia multijugaRich.) seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial (2 x 4) being the two forest species and four doses of copper: 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg kg-1, with 10 repetitions. It was evaluated plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of shoot and root length and specific root surface area, and the quality indexes of seedlings: relationship between shoot height and diameter of the collar; height and shoot dry weight of shoots and Dickson Quality Index. The results revealed that the copper doses tested does not change the quality of seedlings of Cassia and that Barbatimao maintains the quality of seedlings up to 300 mg kg-1 of copper added to soil. Barbatimao presents greater growth and quality than Cassia seedlings in soil contaminated with copper.

Pig slurry as a nutrient source in wheat/corn succession

Wheat and corn are important grains in the agricultural scenario of Brazil, and demand adequate supply of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, in crop succession. The use of pig slurry (PS) as a full and/or partial alternative to mineral fertilization in crop areas has been identified as an important alternative for the disposal of this waste. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of PS as fertilizer in wheat/corn succession under some plant parameters and grain yield. The experiment was conducted under field in randomized block design with four replications and five treatments, three with PS (40, 80, 160 m³ ha-1) and two controls (no fertilization and mineral NPK fertilization), which were applied manually in the soil shortly after sowing the crops. The application of PS proved to be a significant source of nutrients in wheat/corn succession. In comparison to NPK fertilization, this increase was only of 5.4% and 4.7% for wheat and corn, respectively. PS is an efficient alternative and it can be used as a source of these nutrients in wheat/corn succession, and the use of 80 m3ha-1 provides satisfactory results for all evaluated variables.

Ectomicorrizas em Grápia [ Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbride] e canafístula [ Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert] in vitro

The ectomycorrhizal fungi association with native forest essences could be an alternative to improve the adaptation and the development of seedlings in reforested areas of Rio Grande do Sul State. The aim of this work was to identify and to characterize the ectomycorrhizal associations in Apuleia leiocarpa and Peltophorum dubium seedlings, under laboratory conditions. Four inoculation treatments with ectomycorrhizal isolates were used to Apelui leiocarpa : UFSM RA 2.8 ( Suillus sp.), UFSM RA 3.6, UFSC-Pt116 ( Pisolithus microcarpus ) and UFSC-Pt24 ( Pisolithus sp.) and one uninoculated as control. For P. dubium , were used the isolates UFSM RA 2.8 UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Sc124 ( Scleroderma citrinum Pers.) and UFSC-Pt24 ( Pisolithus sp.), and control. For both forest essences there were seven replicates per treatment. It was analyzed the following parameters: height of plants, fresh matter of shoots and roots, dry matter of shoots and roots and presence of ectomycorhizal colonization. Ectomycorrhizas were observed in Apuleia leiocarpa seedlings inoculated with the isolate UFSM RA 2.8 ( Suillus sp.). This fungus also improved seedlings growth, as height of plants, fresh and dry matter of shoots, although, it was not statistically different from the other isolates. Seedlings of Peltophorum dubium presented evidences of ectomycorrhizal formation, like the presence of a fungal mantle.

TOLERÂNCIA DE MUDAS DE CANAFÍSTULA (Peltophorum dubium (SPRENG.) TAUB.) INOCULADA COM Pisolithus microcarpus A SOLO COM EXCESSO DE COBRE

The ectomycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with native florestal essences may be an alternative to revegetation of metal contaminated soils. The aim of this work was to determine canafistula seedlings behavior, inoculated to ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil with copper excess. The trial was conducted in greenhouse conditions. The ectomycorrhizal fungi used was Pisolithus microcarpus UFSC Pt116, cultivated on peat-vermiculite substrate (3:1). The canafistula seedlings were developed in washed sand and transplanted, when showed two definitive leaves. Vase of 1L with 1 kg of soil were used as experimental unit. The inoculation was accomplished in the