Armando Lopes do Amaral

Fatores associados à soroprevalência de Salmonella em rebanhos comerciais de suínos

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 65 finishing pig herds from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Brazil, in order to identify factors associated with seroprevalence for Salmonella. Pig farms were visited one week prior to slaughtering of animals when personnel were asked to answer a questionnaire. Feed was also sampled for attempts of Salmonella isolation, water for colimetrics analisis and around 40 pigs were bled. Feed samples were subjected to Salmonella isolation in selective media and sera were tested in an ELISA, plates were coated with antigens of serovar Typhimurium. Herds were classified in one of three categories according to the prevalence of ELISA positive sera, being low (less then 40% of positive sera), medium (between 40 and 70% positive sera) or high (more then 70% positive sera). Seroprevalence was used as the explanatory variable and results obtained from the attempts to isolate Salmonella from feed, water colimetrics results and the questionnaire answers were used as explanatory variables. Initially, attempts of association between explanatory and explained variables were performed using the chi-square test. When associated (P£0.1), the two variables underwent multiple correspondence analysis. Factors associated with herds having high seroprevalence were: in finishing herds, pelleted feed, swine manure disposal less than 100m from surface water, feeder not provided with water drinker, swine from several herds transported together to slaughterhouse; in the farrow-to-finish herds, feed ingridients exposure to other animals, no active rodent control, dry feed, absence of fence, whitewashing of facilities after cleaning and disinfecting and permission for other people entrance to the herd. Among the 65 pig herds visited, 98.5% were ELISA-positive, with seroprevalence of 57.6% (confidence interval 56 to 60%).

Erradicação da doença de Aujeszky em Santa Catarina: importância da condição sanitária das leitoas de reposição

A doenca de Aujeszky (DA) e uma infeccao causada por um herpesvirus, o virus da DA (VDA), primariamente em suinos. Esta doenca esta presente no Estado de Santa Catarina (SC) desde 1984. Devido ao impacto da DA no mercado exportador de carne suina, no comercio de reprodutores e nas perdas de produtividade, um programa de erradicacao, financiado por uma parceria entre a industria e a associacao de produtores tem tido sucesso em eliminar gradualmente a DA de rebanhos suinos de SC. O ultimo caso de DA no estado foi identificado em julho de 2004. Durante o processo de despovoamento/repovoamento, foi detectado um rebanho suino positivo para o VDA localizado no oeste de SC. Estudos de rastreabilidade da origem daqueles animais indicaram que a fonte era uma granja que distribuia reprodutores ilegalmente sem certificacao sanitaria. Este suinocultor mantinha um sistema de integracao que incluia 40 diferentes produtores para quem eram comercializados reprodutores e/ou suinos para terminacao. Testes de soroprevalencia detectaram anticorpos anti-VDA em 12 daqueles rebanhos. Devido a sua localizacao dentro do raio de 2,5km do foco inicial, uma outra granja, onde havia uma central de inseminacao artificial que distribuia semen suino para outras 5 granjas do mesmo proprietario, foi testada e tambem resultou positiva. Os objetivos deste artigo sao descrever as condicoes sanitarias frente ao VDA naquelas granjas que receberam suinos ou semen suino daqueles suinocultores, as medidas para controlar e eliminar o VDA dos rebanhos positivos e a situacao atual decorrente deste trabalho. Alem disso, o artigo busca alertar que medidas de vigilância ativa e normas sanitarias para comercio e distribuicao de material genetico devem ser seguidas, caso contrario, a DA pode recrudescer e tornar-se fora de controle como ocorria antes do inicio deste programa.

Desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade da carne e condição sanitária de suínos criados nas fases de crescimento e terminação nos sistemas confinado convencional e de cama sobreposta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of housing system on live performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and the sanitary condition of pigs raised in six different systems. A total of 803 MS58 x (Landrace x Large White) hybrid type pigs was used in seven subsequent lots, during the nursery and growing-finishing phases. At the nursery period, the systems evaluated were: conventional (CO), deep litter (CS), and intensive free range (SISCAL), while during the growing-finishing phase only the CO and CS systems were evaluated, being the CS system subdivided into three substrates (wheat straw, rice hulls and wood shaving). The factors considered on the statistical analysis were lot, treatment (combination of housing type used during nursery and growing-finishing phases), age (84, 105, 126, 147 e 160 days), and the interaction treatment x age. A significant effect of housing type was observed on weight gain, carcass characteristics, and weight of heart, liver, full stomach and stomach content. Animals housed on conventional treatment had higher (P<0.05) weight gain (824 vs. 779g), higher hot carcass weight (75 vs. 69kg) and higher fat thickness (18 vs. 17mm) than the ones raised on deep litter, however, these, on the other hand, presented larger (P<0.05) gut content (360 vs. 204g) and less degree of gut lesion than those of the conventional treatment, eventhough with higher sneeze prevalence. The housing system did not influence the health, however pigs housed on deep litter system during the growing-finishing phase presented lower performance and carcass values than the ones housed in the conventional housing system despite the housing system used during the nursery phase.

Fatores de risco relacionados com o desempenho de leitões lactentes em granjas de suínos da região norte do Paraná

Eighteen farms of swine from North of Parana State, Brazil, were evaluated during the year of 1994. In the herd, at least six sows and her litters were evaluated from the birth up to weaning by four objetive variables (diarrhoea in the suckling, mortality rate, weight variation coefficient at weaning and average daily weight gain in the period), and were observed sixteen explainatory variables: (daily thermal amplitude, % area of the windows in the pant, pen s area, corporal status of the sow, creep presence, farrowing assistance, weight at birth, onfalite presence, internal minimal temperature in the plant, litter size at birth, colibacilosis vaccination, sows per plant, coletive suckling, roof presence in the plant, intestinal parasites presence and sanitary breack utilization. The variables were evaluated by the ECOSUI program developed by EMBRAPA/CNPSA. The main risk factors observed were: high internal minimal temperature, high thermal amplitude, sanitary break absence, roof absence, high sows per plant, insufficient pens area, onfalite and intestinal parasites presence and colibacilosis vaccination absence (founded in 50% of farms). The rates of the objetive variables were insatisfatory. The relation of diarrhoea presence was 8/18; to mortality rate the relation was 5/17; to weight variation coefficient, 0/18; and to the average daily weight gain, 9/17. The results indicate that the preventive veterinary medicine is very importam to reduce these risk factors to improve the suckling pigs performance.

Ecopatologia da diarréia pós-desmame em granjas de suínos da região norte do Paraná, Brasil

Eighteen farms of swine, located on North Parana State, Brazil, were evaluated during the year of 1994. In the herd, at least 30 piglets per farm were evaluated from weaning up to 21 days after weaning. Three objective variables (mortality rate, diarrhoea ocurrence and daily weight gain) and nine explanatory variables (daily weight gain 21days after weaning, sow energy consumption, housing density, piglets/pen, % sneezing, % sniffling, feed consumption/day/lactant sow, lenght of feeder/piglet and sanitary break utilization) were evaluated. The variables were evaluated by a program developed by EMBRAPA/CNPSA. The risk factor with higher frequency was absence sanitary break (observed in 83.34% of the farms). Others factors (observed in 40-70%) were: high housing density, low sow energy consumption, low daily weight gain 21 days after weaning and high number of piglets per pen. The others variables were present at low level. The ocurrence of diarrhoea was founded in 50% of farms. The mortality rate was 2.97%, and the daily weight gain was 249 g/day. By the factors that were analysed, the farms were inserted in a map, indicating their location in the risk regions for diarrhoea incidence.