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Effects of glyphosate on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): transcriptional and enzymatic analyses of antioxidant defence system, histopathological liver damage and swimming performance.

This study aims to determine the effect of glyphosate on the transcriptional and enzymatic activity of antioxidant metabolism enzymes of juvenile rainbow trout with short term (6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h) and long term (21 days) exposures followed by a recovery treatment. This study also aims to determine the effects of glyphosate exposure on liver tissue damage and swimming performance due to short term (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L) and long term (2.5 and 5 mg/L) exposures. Following pesticide administration, ten fish, each as a sample, were caught at 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th and 96th -h for the short term, and at 21st day for the long term exposure study. GPx activity was found to be significantly induced 12 h after the exposure to 2.5 mg/L of glyphosate as compared with the control group. A similar degree of induction was also observed for CAT activity but not for SOD. For long term exposure, except for the GPx activity after exposure to 5 mg/L of glyphosate, the activities of all other enzymes remained on a par with the control group. It was also observed that the levels of gene expression of these enzymes were not comparable with each other. It is assumed that these differences might result from the effect of glyphosate before translation and the possible reasons for this scenario are also discussed. The results of swimming performance are found to be consistent with responses of the antioxidant system, and they are attributed to the energy metabolism. The data are also supported with liver histopathology analysis.

Investigation of 8-OHdG, CYP1A, HSP70 and transcriptional analyses of antioxidant defence system in liver tissues of rainbow trout exposed to eprinomectin

&NA; Eprinomectin (EPM), a member of avermectin family, is a semi‐synthetic antibiotic. It has been known that avermectin family enters the aquatic environments and adversely affects the aquatic organisms. Effects of EPM is fully unknown in aquatic organisms especially fish, thus the aim of the present study was to investigate transcriptional changes (sod, cat, gpx) and activities of some antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, oxidative DNA damage (8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG)) and transcriptional changes of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and cytochromes P4501A (CYP1A) in liver tissues of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal EPM concentration (0.001 &mgr;g/L, 0.002 &mgr;g/L, 0.01 &mgr;g/L, 0.05 &mgr;g/L) for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. The decrease in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and GPx) activity, transcriptional changes (sod, cat, gpx, HSP70 and CYP1A genes) and increase in MDA level and activity of 8‐OHdG in a dose–time‐dependent manner in the liver of rainbow trout were observed. The down‐regulated of antioxidant (sod, cat and gpx), HSP70 and CYP1A obviously, the severity of which increased with the concentration of EPM and exposure time. The results imply that EPM could induce oxidative damage to the liver tissue of rainbow trout. The information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of veterinary pharmaceuticals–induced oxidative stress in fishes. HighlightsEPM has biochemical and physiological effects in fish liver.These parameters may be involved in the toxicity mechanism of EPM on rainbow trout.8‐OHdG, CYP1A, HSP70 and antioxidant parameters might be utilized as a potential indicator of exposure to antibiotic in fish.

Assessment of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine activity, gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activity on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues exposed to biopesticide

The goal of this study was to determinate toxicity mechanism of biopesticide with antioxidant enzymes parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), transcriptional changes of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and cytochromes P4501A (CYP1A), sod, cat, and gpx in liver and gill tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this aim, plant-based (natural pesticides, azadirachtin (AZA)) and synthetic pesticides (deltamethrin (DLM)) were exposed on the fish at different concentrations (0.0005 and 0.00025ppm of DLM; 0.24 and 0.12ppm of AZA) for 21 days. According to the results of the study, the activity of SOD, CAT and GPx decreased, but malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activity of 8-OHdG increased in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (p<0.05). Additionally sod, cat and gpx were down regulated; HSP70 and CYP1A were up regulated for transcriptional observation. The downwards regulation of antioxidant (sod, cat and gpx) and the upregulation of HSP70 and CYP1A was obvious with doses of AZA or DLM (p<0.05). The findings of this study suggest that biopesticide can cause biochemical and physiological effects in the fish gill and liver by causing enzyme inhibition, an increase in 8-OHdG levels and changes in both transcriptional parameters (sod, cat, gpx, HSP70 and CYP1A). We found that excessive doses of plant-based pesticide are nearly as toxic as chemical ones for aquatic organisms. Moreover, 8-OHdG, HSP70 and CYP1A used as a biomarker to determinate toxicity mechanism of biopesticide in aquatic environment.

Effects of iron chloride/zeolıte on G6PD of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’s liver tissue

Aquatic ecosystems have been negatively affected by the contamination of ground and surface waters as a result of various activities. Due to the ferrous chloride (FeCl2), which is used as the reducing agent for the organic synthesis reactions in the contamination of water column and sediment, iron salts may be very toxic for some aquatic organisms. In order to minimize these effects, natural products such as zeolite have been widely used in recently years.For this reason, rainbow trout were exposed to FeCl2 and/or zeolite ((FeCl2 (0.002 mg/l)(A), FeCl2+zeolite (0.002 mg/l+1 gr/l) (B), zeolite (1 gr/l) (C) and control (without FeCl2 and/or zeolite (D)). for 28 days and their oxidative stress responses were investigated. At the end of the treatment period, Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was determined in the samples taken from livers. G6PD values for liver tissues were found statistically important in the control and treatment groups (p<0.01).

Investigation of humic acid effects versus cadmium toxicity on hematological paramaters of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario).

Bu calismada, kahverengi alabaliklarda (Salmo trutta fario Linneaus, 1792) kadmiyum toksisitesine karsi humik asitin koruyucu etkisi bazi hematolojik parametreler acisindan arastirilmistir. Baliklar kadmiyum ve/veya humik asite (2ppm Cd, 2ppm Cd+ 5 ppm humik asit ve kontrol) 7 gun boyunca maruz birakilmislardir. Deneme periyodu sonunda hematolojik parametrelerden hemoglobin, hematokrit, eritrosit, eritrosit basina dusen ortalama hemoglobin miktari (MCH), ortalama eritrosit hacmi (MCV) ve eritrosit basina dusen ortalama hemoglobin konsantrasyonu (MCHC) degerlerinde meydana gelen degisimler incelenmistir. Istatistiki acidan tum parametrelerde gruplar arasi fark belirlenmis olsa da kirmizi kan hucresi (RBC), hematokrit, trombosit sayisi, MCV ve MCH parametreleri p

Balıklarda Toksikopatolojik Lezyonlar II / Toxicopathological Lesions in Fish II

OZET: Farkli kirleticilerin farkli tur baliklarda neden oldugu toksikopatolojik lezyonlari derlemeyi amaclanan bu calismanin ilk bolumunde karaciger, dalak, bobrek ve sindirim sisteminde ki degisikliklerden bahsedilmis bu bolumde ise deri, solungac, iskelet, endokrin organlar ve gonadlardaki toksikopatolojik lezyonlar irdelenmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Patolojik degisiklikler, deri, solungac, iskelet, endokrin organlar, gonadlar. ABSTRACT: Toxicopathological lesions in fish II. The paper aims to gather the toxicopathological lesions which caused by different pollutants on different fish species. In the first section of this study the pathological alterations on liver, spleen, kidney and intestinal region were discussed. The toxicopathological lesions of pollutants on skin, gill, skeleton, endocrine organs and gonads are reviewed in this section. Keywords: Pathological alterations, pollution, skin, gill, skeleton, endocrine organs, gonads.

Balıklarda Toksikopatolojik Lezyonlar I / Toxicopathological Lesions in Fish I

OZET: Baliklarda kirleticilerin etkilerinin belirlenmesinde canli agirlik artisi, hepatosomatik indeks, yasama gucu, yuzme performansi, hematolojik ve kan biyokimyasi gibi parametrelerden yararlanilir. Bu parametrelerde ortaya cikan normalden sapmalar, denenen kimyasalin olumsuz etkisi olarak degerlendirilir. Son yillarda yapilan calismalarda, bu parametrelere ilaveten makroskobik ve mikroskobik patolojik bulgularda eklenmistir. Hucre, doku ve organin normal yapisindan sergiledigi farkliliklar uygun metotlar ile belirlenerek kirleticilerin etkileri rapor edilmektedir. Bu derlemede cok sayida arastiricinin farkli balik turlerinde farkli kimyasallari deneyerek ortaya koyduklari lezyonlar farkli organlara gore irdelenmeye calisilmistir. Ilk bolumde karaciger, dalak, bobrek ve sindirim sistemindeki toksikopatolojik lezyonlar konu edilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Patolojik bulgular, kirleticiler, balik, karaciger, bobrek, dalak. ABSTRACT: Live weight gain, hepatosomatical index, survival rate, swimming performance, hematological and biochemical parameters are used for determining the effects of pollutants on fish. Observing differences from standard values at these parameters are evaluated as the negative effects of the trying chemical. In recent years’ researches macroscopic and microscopic pathological diagnosis are added to these parameters. Alterations in cell, tissue and organ are determined with suitable methods and reported as the effects of contaminants. In this review, it is aimed to gather the findings of many researchers with trying the different chemicals and different fish species. Key Words: Pathological findings, pollutants, fish, liver, kidney, spleen.