Augusto Kalsing

Impacto da temperatura, irradiância e profundidade das sementes na emergência e germinação de Conyza bonariensis e Conyza canadensis resistentes ao glyphosate

Intense glyphosate use either in orchards or specially no-tilled glyphosate-resistant soybeans, has selected resistant biotypes of both Conyza bonariensis and C. canadensis. Studies of the species biology could provide insight for integrated weed management. A research program was designed to evaluate how seed germination of both species was affected by the following factors: biotype, substrate composition, soil depth, temperature and light. A factorial arrangement of the treatments was established for the first experiment, where factor A consisted of biotypes (two from each species); factor B was substrate composition (soil, sand, soil: sand); and factor C was substrate depths (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 cm). The second experiment included the first factor; plus factor B as temperature (constant 20, 25, or 30 oC, and alternating 20/30 oC), and factor C as light conditions (light, dark). In a third experiment, factors consisted of species and temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 oC). Seedling emergence or seed germination were assessed at 12 days after treatments. All biotypes from both species had similar seedling emergence in relation to soil depth. Increasing soil depth reduced seedling emergence. Sandy substrate facilitated seed germination at 0.5 and 1.0 cm depth. The species are positive photoblastic. Optimum temperature for seed germination for both species was 20 oC, but C. canadensis germinates better at temperatures below the optimum and C. bonariensis germinates better at temperatures above the optimum.

Arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa) resistente aos herbicidas imidazolinonas

O desenvolvimento de genotipos comerciais de arroz resistentes a herbicidas do grupo quimico das imidazolinonas proporcionou uma ferramenta eficaz para o controle seletivo do arroz-vermelho (Oryza sativa) em cultivo de arroz irrigado. Contudo, o uso continuo dessa tecnologia pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de populacoes de arroz-vermelho resistentes aos herbicidas utilizados para o seu controle. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ocorrencia de populacoes de arroz-vermelho resistentes aos herbicidas imidazolinonas, por meio de curvas de dose-resposta, atraves do fator de resistencia (FR). Populacoes de arroz-vermelho nao controladas (escapes) advindas de lavouras de arroz cultivado no sistema Clearfield® no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram avaliadas em casa de vegetacao na sua sensibilidade ao herbicida Only (imazethapyr + imazapic - 75 + 25 g L-1). O resultado de resposta as doses do herbicida confirma a resistencia em 56% das populacoes de arroz-vermelho, as quais podem ser agrupadas em baixo (FR = 5,2) e alto (FR = 11,6) niveis de resistencia as imidazolinonas.

Controle de capim-annoni-2 (Eragrostis plana) com herbicidas pré-emergentes em associação com diferentes métodos de manejo do campo nativo

The weed South African lovegrass (Eragrostis plana) is one of the most important problems of rangelands and native pastures in southern Brazil. Several factors have limited its management in these areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate South African lovegrass control using pre-emergent herbicides safe to the native pasture by applying soil position selectivity. Two experiments were evaluated in this study. The first was conducted in a greenhouse, and South African lovegrass seeds were sown in plastic pots. The herbicides evaluated were alachlor, ametryne, ametryne + tebuthiuron, atrazine, clomazone, diuron, flumioxazin, imazaquin, mesotrione, metribuzin, oxadiazon, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, terbuthylazine and trifluralin. All products successfully controlled lovegrass. The second experiment was conducted on native pastures highly infested with South African lovegrass, arranged in a split-split-plot design. In the main plots, the following vegetation management methods were allocated before herbicide application: prescribed burning, and high and low cutting; in the split-plots, the herbicide doses: 75 and 100% of the label rate; and in the split-split-plots, the herbicide doses: atrazine, flumioxazin, mesotrione, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, trifluralin and the untreated-check control. None of the herbicides tested effectively controlled lovegrass under field conditions, likely due to the high density of South African lovegrass perennial plants. However, the herbicide effects were more pronounced when associated with prescribed burning and low cutting.

Nível crítico de dano de papuã em feijão-comum

The objectives were to estimate the magnitude of the critical density of alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea) in common bean, in cases where this weed was managed in early stage of crop and occurred reinfestation, and the changes its suffer as a result of different cultivars and variables of alexander grass infestation. Two field experiments were conducted at Eldorado do Sul, RS/Brazil, one cultivated with the bean cultivar UFT-06 (red group) and the other IPR Grauna (black group). The levels of alexander grass infestation were obtained with four residual herbicides, applied at two rates in crop preemergence, and plots with and without weed control. The density, fresh mass and dry mass of alexander grass were evaluated during the critical weed-bean competition period, and the crop yield was evaluated at harvest. The critical density of alexander grass in common bean was not high in this situation (0.4 to 0.7%); however, there may be benefit in weed control according to the level of infestation and cost control. The critical density was always higher for the cultivar IPR Grauna, in relation to UTF-06. The density, fresh mass and dry mass of alexander grass explained adequately the grain yield loss of common bean crop by the nonlinear hyperbolic regression model.

Resistance to ACCase inhibitors in Eleusine indica from Brazil involves a target site mutation

Eleusine indica (goosegrass) is a diploid grass weed which has developed resistance to ACCase inhibitors during the last ten years due to the intensive and frequent use of sethoxydim to control grass weeds in soybean crops in Brazil. Plant dose-response assays confirmed the resistant behaviour of one biotype obtaining high resistance factor values: 143 (fenoxaprop), 126 (haloxyfop), 84 (sethoxydim) to 58 (fluazifop). ACCase in vitro assays indicated a target site resistance as the main cause of reduced susceptibility to ACCase inhibitors. PCR-generated fragments of the ACCase CT domain of the resistant and sensitive reference biotype were sequenced and compared. A point mutation was detected within the triplet of aspartate at the amino acid position 2078 (referred to EMBL accession no. AJ310767) and resulted in the triplet of glycine. These results constitute the first report on a target site mutation for a Brazilian herbicide resistant grass weed.

Associação de glyphosate e imidazolinonas no controle de arroz-vermelho em arroz Clearfield®

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of the utilization of glyphosate and imidazolinones herbicides, in isolated or associated applications, on the effectiveness of red rice (Oryza sativa) control and grain yield of Clearfield-rice. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2007/08, in Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a two-factorial design 2x6, with four replicates. The factor A was composed by two levels of glyphosate, applied during the subperiod between sowing and crop emergence at the early coleoptile stage of the rice plants; and the factor B consisted of six treatments with imazethapyr+imazapic, applied in association with glyphosate or when the rice crop plants had three expanded leaves. The crop and weed populations, red rice control and grain yield of crop were evaluated. The results show that the glyphosate application at the early coleoptile stage of the crop reduced 75% the red rice population and increased 40% the grain yield, in relation to the situation without weed control. The use of imidazolinones and their association with glyphosate provided effective control of red rice and increased the grain yield, independent of rates and application system.

Redução da infestação de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) no feijoeiro comum através do uso de herbicidas residuais

This work evaluated the effects of residual herbicides, applied in crop pre-emergence, on the reduction of Alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea) infestation in the common bean. Two field experiments were conducted at Eldorado do Sul, RS/Brazil: one using the bean cultivar UFT-06 (Red group), and the other using IPR Grauna (Black group). The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design, with four replicates, and the treatments consisted of four herbicides, at two rates (kg i.a. ha-1), as follows: pendimethalin and trifluralin (1.2 and 1.4), and s metolachlor and dimethenamid (1.4 and 1.6). Control and shoot mass of Alexander grass were assessed at 20 and 40 days after crop emergence, which includes the critical period of weed interference. All residual herbicides reduced Alexander grass infestation during this period, and the best weed control was obtained with trifluralin herbicide in both experiments. To successfully reduce Alexander grass infestation with residual herbicides, weed management actions must be taken during common bean post-emergence.

Seletividade de herbicidas residuais ao feijão-comum durante o período inicial da fase vegetativa

The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of residual herbicides applied at increasing rates, under pre-emergence condition, to common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris) during the early period of the vegetative phase. The experiment was arranged in a randomized design under greenhouse conditions, with the treatments in a two-factorial scheme, using five replicates per treatment. The common bean cultivar IPR Grauna was used as a reagent of the treatments. Factor A was composed by the herbicides, and Factor B, by the rates. The herbicides were alachlor, dimethenamid, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, and the rates corresponded to 0, 100, 150, 200, and 300% of the maximum label rate for use in the common bean. The variables applied were plantlet emergence, visual intoxication and dry mass of the common bean, respectively, at 05, 20, and 25 days after emergence. Alachlor was not selective to the common bean, while dimethenamid, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, and trifluralin were selective when sprayed up to the maximum rate. The level of selectivity of dimethenamid and S-metolachlor varied with the rate applied, while the level of selectivity of trifluralin and pendimethalin did not change.

Reduction of seed production of red rice escapes in clearfield rice

Roguing is a practice used to reduce the seed source of red rice escapes to control in Clearfield-rice areas. However, there is great difficulty in performing it in large and heavily infested rice fields. This objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the use of imazamox herbicide, applied in different rates and times, on plants of Clearfield-rice and red rice. Four experiments were conducted during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 growing seasons, in completely randomized block design and treatments arranged in factorial design, using three replications per treatment. The treatments had increasing rates of imazamox, application times and rice cultivars. The rice cultivars tested were IRGA 417, IRGA 422 CL, Avaxi CL and Puita INTA CL. The variables evaluated were the number of panicles m-2, number of grains panicle-1, spikelet sterility in rice and red rice; and, rice grain yield and its components. The imazamox reduced the seed production of red rice escapes in a simulated situation of commercial Clearfield-rice area. The greater percentage reductions were obtained when this herbicide was applied at final formation of the panicle or panicle exertion of the red rice plant escapes to control. The Puita INTA CL cultivar has high level of resistance to imazamox, independent of rate and application times tested, becoming the only alternative to the use of this practice.