Aury Nunes de Moraes

Effects of intraarticular ropivacaine and morphine on lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in horses

OBJECTIVE To compare the intraarticular (IA) analgesic effects of ropivacaine and morphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded cross-over design. ANIMALS Twelve healthy mixed breed horses between 8-15 years old. METHODS Synovitis was induced in the left radio-carpal joint with an injection of lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli 055:B5). Six hours later, the horses were treated with an IA injection of 40 mg of ropivacaine (ROPI), 40 mg of morphine (MOR), 20 mg of ropivacaine added to 20 mg of morphine in saline (RM) or 4 mL of saline (SAL), as control. Analgesia was measured subjectively using a numerical rating scale, a simple descriptive scale, pain upon maximal flexion of the carpus and by the range of motion exhibited by the affected joint. Data are reported as mean +/- SD and were analyzed using anova. Blood and synovial data were analyzed by split plots in time with units (treatments: SAL, ROPI, MOR and RM) and subunits (times: T0-24), in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Mean comparisons were made by Tukeys test; differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS Ropivacaine had a clinical analgesic effect with a relative short duration ( approximately 2.5 to 3.5 hours). Morphine had a slower onset of action than ROPI, but a stronger analgesic effect of longer duration. The RM showed an earlier onset of action than MOR and had a strong analgesic effect for the 24-hour post-injection period. All treatments caused a significant decrease in total nucleated cells compared with the control, 24 hours after administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Morphine alone or in combination with ropivacaine produced a strong analgesic effect of prolonged duration, which may offer pain relief for acute synovitis for at least 24 hours.

Associação de cetamina S(+) e midazolam pelo método convencional de cálculo e pela extrapolação alométrica em bugios-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans): resposta clínica e cardiorrespiratória

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o protocolo de contencao quimica com cetamina S(+) e midazolam em bugios-ruivos, comparando o calculo de doses pelo metodo convencional e o metodo de extrapolacao alometrica. Foram utilizados 12 macacos bugios (Alouatta guariba clamitans) higidos, com peso medio de 4,84±0,97kg, de ambos os sexos. Apos jejum alimentar de 12 horas e hidrico de seis horas, realizou-se contencao fisica manual e aferiram-se os seguintes parâmetros: frequencia cardiaca (FC), frequencia respiratoria (f), tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC), temperatura retal (TR), pressao arterial sistolica nao invasiva (PANI) e valores de hemogasometria arterial. Posteriormente, os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: GC (Grupo Convencional, n=06), os quais receberam cetamina S(+) (5mg kg-1) e midazolam (0,5mg kg-1), pela via intramuscular, com doses calculadas pelo metodo convencional; e GA (Grupo Alometria, n=06), os quais receberam o mesmo protocolo, pela mesma via, utilizando-se as doses calculadas pelo metodo de extrapolacao alometrica. Os parâmetros descritos foram mensurados novamente nos seguintes momentos: M5, M10, M20 e M30 (cinco, 10, 20 e 30 minutos apos a administracao dos farmacos, respectivamente). Tambem foram avaliados: qualidade de miorrelaxamento, reflexo podal e caudal, pincamento interdigital, tempo para inducao de decubito, tempo habil de sedacao, qualidade de sedacao, e tempo e qualidade de recuperacao. O GA apresentou menor tempo para inducao ao decubito, maior grau e tempo de sedacao, bem como reducao significativa da FC e PANI de M5 ate M30, quando comparado ao GC. Conclui-se que o grupo no qual o calculo de dose foi realizado por meio da alometria (GA) apresentou melhor grau de relaxamento muscular e sedacao, sem produzir depressao cardiorrespiratoria significativa.

Estudo comparativo entre sevofluorano, halotano e isofluorano em Gallus domesticus

Parte da Dissertacao de Mestrado apresentada pelo primeiro autor para obtencao do grau de Mestre em Cirurgia Veterinaria pela Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS. Medico Veterinario, doutorando do Programa de Pos-graduacao em Medicina Veterinaria (UFSM), area de Cirurgia Veterinaria. Rua Andradas 1400/302, Centro, 97010-030, Santa Maria RS. E-mail: luguima@bol.com.br. Autor para correspondencia. Medico Veterinario, Doutor, Professor Titular, Centro Agroveterinario, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC. Medico Veterinario, Doutor, Professor Titular, Centro de Ciencias Rurais, UFSM. Medico Veterinario, mestrando em cirurgia, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. Medico Veterinario, autonomo, Lages, SC. RESUMOFor the comparison 30 twenty-week-old chicken were used. They weigh na averdage of 2.90 ± 0.65kg aleatorily divided into 3 groups. The anesthetic induction was accomplished with a home-made facial mask connected with the modified circuit of Maggil using values between 3.0 e 3.5 a minimal anesthetic dose (MAD) for each agent. Posteriorly, the animals were intubated and anesthesia was maintained with values approximately 1.7DAM during 65 minutes. Isoflurane caused further respiratory depression and hypotension when it is compared to the other two anesthetic agents. The group of halothane presented higher values of blood pressure and body temperature and the group of sevoflurane, lower respiratory depression and hypotension in relation to the group of isoflurane. The induction and recuperation were faster with the sevoflurane, although without expressive diference statistically. The sevoflurane is the most indicated anesthetic agent.

Characterization of Three Calcium Phosphate Microporous Granulated Bioceramics

The calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics, and hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biphasic compositions, in the granular form of microporous biomaterials, are research themes and present potential biomedical applications in rebuilding and repairing maxillofacial bone and tooth structure and in orthopedic applications. This is associated with microstructural characteristics of biocompatibility and bioactivity and osteoconductivity properties that these biomaterials offer when applied in vivo or in simulated environment. Another differential point of these biomaterials is the solubilization capacity that they present when applied in the biological environment. These compositions of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite matrix and/or β-tricalcium phosphate) allow for the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions for the biological environment, which are absorbed and promote the formation of new bone tissue. These materials are also promising in applications in the field of traumatology as in the repair of traumatized bone tissue and drugs controlled release and bone structure treatments. The favorable results of these biomaterials as bone reconstruction matrix and drugs controlled release are associated with crystallographic characteristics, morphology, surface and solubility that these biomaterials present when in contact with body fluids. This work aimed to describe three types of calcium phosphate microporous granulated biomaterials. The biomaterials used were provided by the Biomaterials Group from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC and are: hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic composition 60% hydroxyapatite/40% β-tricalcium phosphate. The Scanning Electron Microscopy technique (SEM) was used for carrying out the morphological characterization and microstructure studies of granulated biomaterials. The X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) served for characterization of crystalline phases. Arthur Method was used for determining open porosity and hydrostatic density of biomaterials. The BET technique served to support determination of the surface area of microporous granulated biomaterials. The results are encouraging and show that these biomaterials present promising morphological characteristics and microporous microstructure as wettability and capillarity. These characteristics may contribute to biomaterial osteointegration by new tissue, bone formation and mineralization process.

Efeitos sedativos da associação de Cetamina e Midazolam administrados pela via intranasal ou intramuscular em papagaio (Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea)

A falta de protocolos de sedacao seguros para uso em papagaios na literatura demonstra a necessidade de conhecer os anestesicos que sao eficazes nestes animais. Devido a pouca massa muscular desta especie, notou-se a necessidade de estudar outra via de administracao, menos invasiva e dolorosa ao animal, como a via intranasal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sedativos e a viabilidade da administracao intranasal, em comparacao a via intramuscular, de 15mg/kg de Cetamina e 1mg/kg de Midazolam. Foram utilizados 14 papagaios das especies Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea, de ambos os sexos, adultos, peso medio de 388,5±29,1g. Os animais foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: intramuscular (IM, n=7) e intranasal (IN, n=7). No grupo intramuscular, a administracao dos anestesicos foi realizada nos musculos peitorais, utilizando seringas de insulina e no grupo intranasal, com auxilio de uma micropipeta. Avaliou-se o periodo de latencia, tempo de duracao, qualidade de sedacao, e o tempo de recuperacao total. A media para o periodo de latencia no grupo IM foi de 6,13±2,02 minutos e no grupo IN de 4,84±2,37 minutos. Ja para o tempo de duracao da sedacao no grupo IM a media foi de 35,81±29,56 e no grupo IN de 24,52±14,83 minutos. Ambas as vias promoveram sedacao adequada, pois a media do escore da qualidade de sedacao obtida pelo grupo IM foi 2±1,5 e pelo grupo IN 1,28±1,1. O tempo de recuperacao total no grupo IM foi de 27,04±11,69 e no grupo IN de 17,67±11,64 minutos. Apesar do grupo IN ter apresentado os menores tempos de periodo de latencia, duracao e de recuperacao total e ter obtido melhor escore na qualidade de sedacao, nao houve diferenca estatistica significativa entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que a administracao de 15 mg/kg de cetamina e 1mg/kg de midazolam pela via intranasal ou intramuscular em papagaios (Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea) produzem sedacao adequada para pequenos procedimentos como colocacao de anilha, coleta de sangue e radiografias; porem a via intranasal mostrou ser uma alternativa menos invasiva quando comparado a via intramuscular.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on incorporation of block allografts.

Objective To assess the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the incorporation of deep-frozen block allografts in a rabbit model. Background Data Studies have shown that LLLT has beneficial effects on tissue repair and new bone formation. Methods Bone tissue was harvested from two rabbits, processed by deep-freezing and grafted into the calvaria of 12 animals, which were then randomly allocated into two groups: experimental (L) and control (C). Rabbits in group L were irradiated with an aluminum gallium arsenide diode laser (AlGaAs; wavelength 830 nm, 4 J/cm2), applied to four sites on the calvaria, for a total dose of 16 J/cm2 per session. The total treatment dose after eight sessions was 128 J/cm2. Animals were euthanized at 35 (n = 6) or 70 days (n = 6) postoperatively. Results Deep-freeze-processed block allografts followed by LLLT showed incorporation at the graft-host interface, moderate bone remodeling, partial filling of osteocyte lacunae, less inflammatory infiltrate in the early postoperative period, and higher collagen deposition than the control group. Conclusion Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that allograft bone processed by deep-freezing plus LLLT is suitable as an alternative for the treatment of bone defects. Use of the deep-freezing method for processing of bone grafts preserves the structural and osteoconductive characteristics of bone tissue.

Neoformação óssea e osteointegração de biomateriais micro e nanoestruturados em ovinos

A substituicao de parte do tecido osseo se faz necessaria muitas vezes na rotina cirurgica, seja em funcao de fraturas, neoplasias osseas ou enfermidades ortopedicas que acarretem em perda ossea. Neste sentido, tem se buscado biomateriais capazes de promover esta substituicao, evitando o uso de enxertos ou transplantes osseos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade osteoregenerativa de biomateriais em diferentes composicoes, em tibias de ovinos. Foram utilizadas oito ovelhas mesticas texel, com 12 meses de idade e peso medio de 28,5±7,4kg. Apos adequada preparacao anestesica e cirurgica, foram produzidos tres defeitos osseos na diafise das tibias em sua face medial, totalizando seis defeitos de 6mm cada, sendo que quatro foram preenchidos por biomateriais, e dois por fragmentos osseos retirados do proprio animal (autocontrole). Os materiais implantados foram: hidroxiapatita (HA), tricalcio fosfato-β (TCP-β), hidroxiapatita/tricalcio fosfato-b 60/40 (HA/TCP-b 60/40) e o nanocomposito hidroxiapatita/alumina a 5% (HA/Al2O3 a 5%). Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo 60 (n=04), em que os animais foram eutanasiados apos 60 dias da colocacao dos implantes e Grupo 90 (n=04), em que a eutanasia ocorreu 90 dias apos a colocacao dos implantes. Foram realizadas radiografias nos periodos pre-operatorio, imediatamente apos o procedimento e aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de pos-operatorio, a fim de excluir qualquer alteracao previa ou complicacao pos-operatoria, capaz de comprometer o estudo. Apos a eutanasia, foram coletadas as tibias para avaliacao macro e microscopica, por meio de microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia optica. Os resultados encontrados mostraram uma boa capacidade de neoformacao ossea e uma lenta absorcao da HA. O TCP-β foi rapidamente absorvido e apresentou boa capacidade osteoindutiva e osteocondutiva, sendo observada neoformacao ossea no interior dos grânulos deste biomaterial. O composto bifasico HA/TCP-β (60/40) apresentou o melhor resultado a longo prazo, devido ao melhor controle na solubilizacao e liberacao dos ions calcio e fosfatos para o meio biologico durante o processo de neoformacao ossea. O biomaterial nanocomposito HA/Al2O3 a 5% nao apresentou resultados promissores neste estudo, e sugerem-se novas pesquisas a fim de investigar melhor o potencial e aplicabilidade deste novo biomaterial. Conclui-se que a hidroxiapatita, o tricalcio fosfato-β e a associacao HA/TCP-β (60/40) apresentam excelente capacidade de reparacao ossea, podendo ser utilizados como substitutos osseos; a associacao HA/TCP-β (60/40) e o melhor dentre os biomateriais estudados, pois apresenta velocidade de absorcao intermediaria em relacao a HA e ao TCP-β isolados, fornecendo ainda uma sustentacao adequada ao tecido neoformado; o biomaterial HA/Al2O3 5% se mostrou incompativel, provocando reacao de rejeicao por parte do hospedeiro e com insignificante formacao de tecido osseo, sugerindo novas pesquisas acerca deste material.

Efeitos anestésicos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular de cetamina S+ e midazolam em pomba-rola (Streptotelia sp.)

The intranasal route is a good alternative because is painless and easy to perform in birds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of S+ ketamine and midazolam administered by intranasal or intramuscular route in pigeons. Twelve animals were used in a randomized and crossover design. Animals received two treatments with 2-weeks interval. IM group: animals received 20mg/kg of S+ ketamine and 3.5mg/kg of midazolam by intramuscular route (pectoral muscles); IN group: animals received the same protocol by intranasal route. Parameters evaluated were: onset of action, time of duration in dorsal recumbency; total time of anesthesia and side effects. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test and the differences were considered significant when P<0.05. Onset of action was 30 [30-47.5] and 40 [30-50] seconds for IM and IN respectively. Time of duration in dorsal recumbency was 59 [53.25-65] and 63 [37-71.25] minutes for IM and IN respectively, without significant differences between treatments. Total time of anesthesia was 88 [86.25-94.5] and 68 [53.5-93] minutes for IM and IN, respectively, with significant difference between groups. The recovery time was lower for IN (15[4.25-19.5] minutes) compared with IM (32 [28.25-38.25] minutes). Two animals of each group presented regurgitation in the recovery period. It was concluded that S+ ketamine and midazolam administered intranasal is an acceptable method of drug delivery and can be used to promote anesthesia in pigeons.

Dexmedetomidina epidural em gatas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia sob anestesia total intravenosa com propofol e pré-medicadas com cetamina S(+) e midazolam

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the epidural administration of dexmedetomidine in cats submitted to ovariohisterectomy, under continuous infusion of propofol. The cats received S(+) ketamine (5mg kg-1) and midazolan (0.5mg kg-1) as premedication by intramuscular injection, and propofol as induction agent (4mg kg-1), by intravenous injection. After that, the cats were intubated and kept on oxygen 100%. Subsequently the continuous infusion of propofol was initiated (0.3mg kg-1 min-1). The animals were divided into two groups, in the dexmedetomidine group (DEXG, n=6,2µg kg-1) dexmedetomidine was administered by epidural injection, and in the control group (SALG, n=6) saline solution was administered by the same way. In both groups the final volume was 0.26 mL kg-1 completed with NaCl 0.9%. Fentanyl administration was necessary at T10 in 33.3% of the patients. During the continuous infusion of propofol, the medial palpebral reflex was present in 66.6% of the animals of SALG and in 16.6% of the animals of DEXG. The eyeball was centralized in all the animals of SALG and 83.4% of the animals of DEXG the eyeball were with ventral rotation. Reduction of the heart rate was observed after anesthesia induction in both groups. The mean arterial pressure was significantly lesser at T0 and T5 in the DEXG and greater at T10 in the SALG when compared to the basal values. The respiratory rate was lesser in the DEXG at T20 and T30 when compared to SALG. The SaO2 and PaO2 were bigger from T5 to T40. The PaCO2 bigger values were observed at T5, T10, T20, T30 and T40 for the DEXG and at T5, T10 and T20 in the SALG when compared to the basal values. In the anesthetic recovery, 50% and 16.6% of the animals presented aggressiveness in the SALG and DEXG, respectively. To the wound pain threshold, it was observed that 33.3% of animals of SALG and 66.7% of the animals of DEXG received score 0 (without reaction). It was concluded that the animals that received dexmedetomidine administration by epidural injection, presented more stable anesthetic plan with greater analgesia degree in the peri and postoperative period, better quality anesthesia recovery, and without significant cardiovascular and hemogasometric changes.

Azaperone e sua associação com xilazina ou dexmedetomidina em suínos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by α2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3µg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation.