B. P. Cluggish

IONEX: a meshfree ion extraction code based on "particle in cloud of points" concept.

Ion Extraction (IONEX) is an ion extraction modeling code, developed at FAR-TECH, Inc., based on the meshless particle-in-cloud-of-points concept. IONEX self-consistently solves motion equations for ions and Poissons equation for the electrostatic field, assuming a Boltzmann distribution for the electrons. IONEX is capable of handling multiple species and is graphical user interface-driven. The two-dimensional version is benchmarked with IGUN. The basic algorithm and sample runs are presented.

Electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder ion source simulation by MCBC and GEM

Numerical simulation results by the GEM and MCBC codes are presented, along with a comparison with experiments for beam capture dynamics and parameter studies of charge state distribution (CSD) of electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder ion sources. First, steady state plasma profiles are presented by GEM with respect to key experimental parameters such as rf power and gas pressure. As rf power increases, electron density increases by a small amount and electron energy by a large amount. The central electrostatic potential dip also increased. Next, MCBC is used to trace injected beam ions to obtain beam capture profiles. Using the captured ion profiles, GEM obtains a CSD of beam ions. As backscattering can be significant, capturing the ions near the center of the device enhances the CSD. The effect of rf power on the beam CSD is mainly due to different steady states plasmas. Example cases are presented assuming that the beam ions are small enough not to affect the plasma.

A particle-in-cell Monte Carlo code for electron beam ion source simulation

FAR-TECH, Inc., has developed a particle-in-cell Monte Carlo code (EBIS-PIC) to model ion motions in an electron beam ion source (EBIS). First, a steady state electron beam is simulated by the PBGUNS code (see http://far-tech.com/pbguns/index.html). Then, the injected primary ions and the ions from the background neutral gas are tracked in the trapping region using Monte Carlo method. Atomic collisions and Coulomb collisions are included in the EBIS-PIC model. The space charge potential is updated by solving the Poisson equation each time step. The preliminary simulation results are presented and compared with BNL electron beam test stand (EBTS) fast trapping experiments.

Simulation of charge breeding of rubidium using Monte Carlo charge breeding code and generalized ECRIS model.

A Monte Carlo charge breeding code (MCBC) is being developed by FAR-TECH, Inc. to model the capture and charge breeding of 1+ ion beam in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) device. The ECRIS plasma is simulated using the generalized ECRIS model which has two choices of boundary settings, free boundary condition and Bohm condition. The charge state distribution of the extracted beam ions is calculated by solving the steady state ion continuity equations where the profiles of the captured ions are used as source terms. MCBC simulations of the charge breeding of Rb+ showed good agreement with recent charge breeding experiments at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). MCBC correctly predicted the peak of highly charged ion state outputs under free boundary condition and similar charge state distribution width but a lower peak charge state under the Bohm condition. The comparisons between the simulation results and ANL experimental measurements are presented and discussed.

Modeling multiple-frequency electron cyclotron resonance heatinga)

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heating influences two of the main parameters (electron temperature and, indirectly, density) that determine the charge state of the ions produced in an ECR ion source (ECRIS). Therefore, various schemes to optimize ECR heating in the ECRIS have been pursued such as multiple-frequency heating, the radio-frequency tuning effect, volume heating, or wide-band heating. We investigate two-frequency ECR heating of electrons in a simple magnetic mirror field by right handed circularly polarized waves with infinite phase velocity. The study shows a heating barrier different from the well-know adiabatic barrier. Study also revealed a mechanism whereby multiple frequencies give improved heating. A preliminary interpretation of the study is presented.

Integrated modeling of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources and charge breeders with GEM, MCBC, and IonEx.

A numerical toolset to help in understanding physical processes in the electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder (ECRCB) and further to help optimization and design of current and future machines is presented. The toolset consists of three modules (Monte Carlo charge breeding code, generalized electron cyclotron resonance ion source modeling, and ion extraction), each modeling different processes occurring in the ECRCB from beam injection to extraction. The toolset provides qualitative study, such as parameter studies, and scaling of the operation, and physical understanding in the ECRCB. The methodology and a sample integrated modeling are presented.

Ion beam capture and charge breeding in electron cyclotron resonance ion source plasmas

Beam capture of injected ions and charge breeding in electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) charge breeder ion source plasmas has been investigated utilizing an ECR plasma modeling code, the generalized ECR ion source model, and a Monte Carlo beam capture code. Beam capturing dynamics, charge breeding in the plasma, and the extracted charged ion states are described. Optimization of ion beam energy is performed for (1) high beam capture efficiency and (2) high charge state ion beam extractions. A sample case study for ANL-ECR has been performed. Ions entering ECR ion source plasma are slowed down mostly by the background ions. Assuming Maxwellian plasma ions, maximum beam energy loss occurs when the beam velocity is around the background thermal velocity in magnitude. It is also found that beam capture location affects charge state distribution. For instance, with a majority of beam ions captured near the middle of the device higher currents for higher charge states are obtained. The beam ions captured near the entry have a higher probability of backstreaming after they are captured. For this reason, the optimum beam energy of the injected Ar(+) beam ions for charge breeding is generally higher than the optimum input beam energy for maximum beam energy loss.

3D hybrid meshless adaptive algorithm and code for ion extraction problem

We present progress on the development of a new 3D hybrid electrostatic code, IonEx3D, for simulating ion extraction from plasma. The code is based on the meshless, adaptive Particle-In-Cloud-Of-Points (PICOP)1 approach. The ions are treated fully kinetically whereas electrons are described as a neutralizing fluid obeying the Boltzmann distribution. Steady state ion trajectories are found in the self-consistent electrostatic field and the given magnetic field. The semi-linear Poissons equation is solved on a meshless cloud of points, which is iteratively adapted to the field and the beam structure. The algorithm conserves both the full energy and the angular momentum. 3D effects on the ion beam formation will be presented. An effective algorithm for the code parallelization on petascale computers will be also discussed.