Bahtiyar Özçaldiran

Musculoskeletal pain in elite competitive male swimmers

AbstractMusculoskeletal problems that interfere with effective training is serious and may result in decreased performance in the swimming athlete. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in our competitive male swimmers, and to investigate the relationship between stroke style and musculoskeletal pain. It was found that 23 of the 38 competitive male swimmers examined reported musculoskeletal pain in this study: 13 had shoulder pain, 7 had low back pain, and 3 had knee pain. Ten swimmers with pain never stopped training, and only one swimmer had to stop swimming for a period of one month. Knee pain was observed only in breaststrokers, but back pain from all strokes. Shoulder pain was not seen in breaststrokers; this pain instead occurred frequently in free-stylers. Injuries leading to pain may be acute or caused by repeated microtraumas, eventually leading to an overuse injury. Corrections of factors contributing to overuse injuries should be properly treated so that...

EFFECTS OF SWIMMING ON ERYTHROCYTE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Exercise and lactate usually change blood rheology but, effect of swimming on blood rheology is not clear. Blood lactate concentration increases after 400-meter freestyle swimming. In the hemorheological studies, determination of the erythrocyte deformability and aggregation facilitates the evaluation of rheological behaviours of the erythrocytes. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of acute swimming exercise on erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. Seventeen male university swimmers participated in the study. For 400-meter freestyle swimming, participants were asked to swim as fast as they could. Blood lactate concentration, erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and plasma protein oxidation levels, erythrocyte deformability and aggregation, and several haematological parameters were investigated after swimming and they were compared with pre-exercise values. Erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and plasma protein oxidation were unchanged with swimming. Blood lactate concentration increased after 400-meter swimming (p<0.001). Erythrocyte aggregation increased after acute swimming (p<0.01) while erythrocyte deformability was not change. There were no correlations between blood lactate and erythrocyte hemorheological properties before and after swimming. In conclusion, we found that erythrocyte aggregation increased after acute swimming. Further studies are needed to reveal the late effects of acute swimming and to elucidate the effect of swimming different distances on erythrocyte rheological properties.

The Physiological Responses to 5000 m Open Water Swimming Exercise in Children

Objective: Open water swimming (OWS) is an endurance sport. Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator gas, therefore it is related to endurance. Physiological stress levels of OWS on children are unknown. The purposes of this study were to investigate the physiological responses to 5000 m OWS and its relation with serum NOx (nitrite plus nitrate) levels in children. Material and Methods: Trained OWS athletes (9 males and 5 females; age=13.8±1.12 years) participated in the study. Serum NOx, oxidative stress index (OSI): total antioxidant status (TAS)/total oxidant stress status (TOS) ratio, muscle damage markers (MDM): serum creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, leucocyte counts and serum glucose (GLU) levels were determined before and after the OWS. Lactate (La), whole blood glucose (WGLU) analyses were done from the fingertip blood samples and heart rate (HR) was measured after every 1000 m. Results: After 5000 m OWS, HR and La levels were recorded as 166 beat/min and 2.95 mM. The results indicated that MDM significantly increased (p<0.01), and OSI significantly decreased however there were no significantly changes in TAS, NOx and serum glucose (GLU) values. Basal NOx levels was only related to CK (r=-0.529, p=0.052), but not other parameters. Conclusion: 5000 m OWS exercise induced a moderate physiological stress without any oxidative stress, hypoglycemia and health risk for the investigated parameters risk. Although this exercise did not increase blood NOx levels, the negative relationship between basal NOx and CK parameters may show the anti-inflammatory role of NO during OWS exercises in the children.

Examining the Effects of Long Term Exercise Training on Some Physical and Physiological Parameters of 12-15 Years Old Children

Toplumlarin temel amaclarindan birisi de fiziksel ve ruhsal acidan saglikli bireyler yetistirmektir. Dogumdan itibaren ergenligin sonuna kadar hizli bir surec olan buyume ve gelismenin, beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite ile yakindan iliskili oldugu bilinmektedir. Degisen yasam tarziyla beraber fiziksel aktivitenin gunluk yasantimizdaki onemi gun gectikce artmaktadir. Bu nedenle sportif aliskanliklarin da diger bircok aliskanliklar gibi kucuk yasta edinilmesi ve cocuklara yasamlari boyunca kullanabilecekleri fiziksel becerilerin kazandirilmasi gerekmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci 12-15 yas grubu erkek ogrencilerin eurofit testleri ile bazi fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametrelerinin arastirilmasidir. Arastirmaya Izmir Ili, Karabaglar, Buca ve Konak Bolgesi Ilkogretim okullarinda egitim goren 12-15 yaslarindaki 1002 erkek ogrenci gonullu olarak katilmistir. Ogrencilere boy uzunlugu, vucut agirligi, vucut yag yuzdesi, dikey sicrama, 20 m. sprint, pence, bacak ve sirt kuvvetleri ile maxVO2, FVC ve FEV 1 testleri uygulanmistir. Arastirmada 15 ay sureyle haftada 3 kez, birer gun arayla, 120 dk duzenli olarak, ogrencilerin gelisim donemleri de goz onunde bulundurularak, temel ve yardimci biyomotor yetileri gelistirici antrenmanlar yaptirilmistir. Deney ve kontrol grubunun on test degerleri karsilastirildiginda, sadece maxVO2 degerlerinde anlamli fark oldugu gorulmus, son test degerleri karsilastirildiginda ise; 20 m. sprint, dikey sicrama, vucut yag yuzdesi, pence ve sirt kuvvetleri ile FVC, FEV1 degerlerinde anlamli fark varken, boy uzunlugu, vucut agirligi, bacak kuvveti ve maxVO2, degerlerinde anlamli bir fark bulunmamistir. 15 aylik duzenli egzersiz egitiminin 12-15 yas grubu erkek cocuklarinin bazi fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametreleri uzerinde olumlu etkileri oldugu soylenebilir

Examining Effects of Volleyball Trainings on Some Respiration and Circulation Parameters of 11-14 Years Old Female Test Subjects

Bu calismanin amaci Izmir ili Karabaglar Bolgesi Ilkogretim okullarinda ogrenim goren 11-14 yaslarindaki voleybolcu ogrencilere uygulanan antrenmanlarin ogrencilerin solunum ve dolasim sistemlerine olan etkilerini arastirmaktir. Calismaya yas ortalamalari 12,93 ± 0,74 olan 42 kiz ogrenci ile ayni okullarda spor yapmayan, yas ortalamalari 12,46 ± 0,91 olan 36 kiz ogrenci gonullu olarak katilmistir. Voleybolcu ogrenciler, en az 2 yil suresince haftada 3 gun, gunde 90 dk., duzenli olarak antrenman yapmis, kontrol grubundaki ogrenciler ise bu sure icerisinde hic bir fiziksel aktivitede bulunmamislardir. Gruplarin yas, boy uzunlugu, vucut agirligi, istirahat nabiz degerleri, sistolik-diastolik kan basinci olcumleri ile solunum sistemlerinde yer alan vital kapasite (VC), zorlu vital kapasite (FVC), zorlu ekspirasyon volum (FEV1) ve maksimum istemli ventilasyon (MVV) degerleri olculmustur. Elde edilen veriler bilgisayar ortaminda SPSS 11.0 istatistik programinda t-test yontemi ile guven araligi p 0,05), istirahat nabzi, sistolik kan basinci degerleri (p < 0,01) ile vital kapasite, zorlu vital kapasite, zorlu ekspirasyon volum ve maksimum istemli ventilasyon degerlerinde (p < 0,05) anlamli farkliliklar bulunmustur. Sonuc olarak; 11-14 yaslarindaki voleybol sporuyla ugrasan kiz ogrencilerin istirahat kalp atim sayilari ve kan basinc degerlerinin spor yapmayan ogrencilerin degerlerinden daha dusuk doldugu tespit edilirken, solunum degerlerinden VC, FVC, FEV1 ve MVV degerlerinin ise daha yuksek oldugu gorulmustur