Balarama Gundapaneni

Early intervention with tafamidis provides long-term (5.5-year) delay of neurologic progression in transthyretin hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy

Abstract Transthyretin hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy, also traditionally known as transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (ATTR-FAP), is a rare, relentless, fatal hereditary disorder. Tafamidis, an oral, non-NSAID, highly specific transthyretin stabilizer, demonstrated safety and efficacy in slowing neuropathy progression in early-stage ATTRV30M-FAP in a 1.5-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, and 1-year open-label extension study, with a second long-term open-label extension study ongoing. Subgroup analysis of the effectiveness of tafamidis in the pivotal study and its open-label extensions revealed a relatively cohesive cohort of patients with mild neuropathy (i.e. Neuropathy Impairment Score for Lower Limbs [NIS-LL] ≤ 10) at the start of active treatment. Early treatment with tafamidis for up to 5.5 years (≥1 dose of tafamidis meglumine 20 mg once daily during the original trial or after switching from placebo in its extension) resulted in sustained delay in neurologic progression and long-term preservation of nutritional status in this cohort. Mean (95% CI) changes from baseline in NIS-LL and mBMI were 5.3 (1.6, 9.1) points and −7.8 (−44.3, 28.8) kg/m2 × g/L at 5.5 years, respectively. No new safety issues or side effects were identified. These data represent the longest prospective evaluation of tafamidis to date, confirm a favorable safety profile, and underscore the long-term benefits of early intervention with tafamidis. Trial Registration: ClincalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00409175, NCT00791492, and NCT00925002.

Efficacy, Long-Term Safety, and Tolerability of Ziprasidone in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy and safety of ziprasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder. METHODS Subjects 10-17 years of age with a manic or mixed episode associated with bipolar I disorder participated in a 4 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial (RCT) followed by a 26 week open-label extension study (OLE). Subjects were randomized 2:1 to initially receive flexible-dose ziprasidone (40-160 mg/day, based on weight) or placebo. Primary outcome was the change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores from baseline. Safety assessments included weight and body mass index (BMI), adverse events (AEs), vital signs, laboratory measures, electrocardiograms, and movement disorder ratings. RESULTS In the RCT, 237 subjects were treated with ziprasidone (n=149; mean age, 13.6 years) or placebo (n=88; mean age, 13.7 years). The estimated least squares mean changes in YMRS total (intent-to-treat population) were -13.83 (ziprasidone) and -8.61 (placebo; p=0.0005) at RCT endpoint. The most common AEs in the ziprasidone group were sedation (32.9%), somnolence (24.8%), headache (22.1%), fatigue (15.4%), and nausea (14.1%). In the OLE, 162 subjects were enrolled, and the median duration of treatment was 98 days. The mean change in YMRS score from the end of the RCT to the end of the OLE (last observation carried forward) was -3.3 (95% confidence interval, -5.0 to -1.6). The most common AEs were sedation (26.5%), somnolence (23.5%), headache (22.2%), and insomnia (13.6%). For both the RCT and the OLE, no clinically significant mean changes in movement disorder scales, BMI z-scores, liver enzymes, or fasting lipids and glucose were observed. One subject on ziprasidone in the RCT and none during the OLE had Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF) ≥ 460 ms. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that ziprasidone is efficacious for treating children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Ziprasidone was generally well tolerated with a neutral metabolic profile. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY NCT00257166 and NCT00265330 at ClinicalTrials.gov.

Ziprasidone in Adolescents with Schizophrenia: Results from a Placebo-Controlled Efficacy and Long-Term Open-Extension Study

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ziprasidone in adolescents with schizophrenia. METHODS Subjects ages 13-17 years with schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. [DSM-IV]) were enrolled in a 6 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial (RCT) followed by a 26 week open-label extension study (OLE). Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to flexible-dose oral ziprasidone (40-160 mg/day, based on weight) or placebo. Primary end-point was change from baseline in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored (BPRS-A) total score. Safety assessments included adverse events, vital signs, laboratory measures, electrocardiograms, weight and body mass index, and movement disorder ratings. RESULTS Planned interim analysis for the primary end-point in the RCT resulted in early termination of both studies because of futility. In the RCT, 283 subjects received ziprasidone (n=193) or placebo (n=90). In the intent-to-treat analysis population, the least squares mean (SE) BPRS-A score decrease from baseline at week 6 was not significantly different (p=0.15; -14.16 [0.78] for ziprasidone and -12.35 [1.05] for placebo). Per-protocol analysis was significant (p=0.02). In the OLE, 221 subjects entered the OLE and received ziprasidone for a median of 99 days. The mean (SD) change in BPRS-A score from end of RCT to end of OLE (last observation carried forward) was -6.9 (8.9). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (≥ 10%) for all causalities during the RCT were somnolence and extrapyramidal disorders, and during OLE was somnolence only. No subjects had Fridericias corrected QT (QTcF) ≥ 500 ms in the RCT or OLE phases. One completed suicide occurred during the OLE phase. For RCT and OLE, no clinically significant changes were reported in metabolic indices and laboratory measures. CONCLUSIONS Ziprasidone failed to separate from placebo in treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents. Ziprasidone was generally well tolerated with an overall neutral weight and metabolic profile. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY NCT00257192 and NCT00265382 at ClinicalTrials.gov .

Tafamidis delays disease progression in patients with early stage transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy: additional supportive analyses from the pivotal trial

Abstract Background: Tafamidis, a non-NSAID highly specific transthyretin stabilizer, delayed neurologic disease progression as measured by Neuropathy Impairment Score–Lower Limbs (NIS-LL) in an 18-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial in 128 patients with early-stage transthyretin V30M familial amyloid polyneuropathy (ATTRV30M-FAP). The current post hoc analyses aimed to further evaluate the effects of tafamidis in delaying ATTRV30M-FAP progression in this trial. Methods: Pre-specified, repeated-measures analysis of change from baseline in NIS-LL in this trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00409175) was repeated with addition of baseline as covariate and multiple imputation analysis for missing data by treatment group. Change in NIS-LL plus three small-fiber nerve tests (NIS-LL + Σ3) and NIS-LL plus seven nerve tests (NIS-LL + Σ7) were assessed without baseline as covariate. Treatment outcomes over the NIS-LL, Σ3, Σ7, modified body mass index and Norfolk Quality of Life–Diabetic Neuropathy Total Quality of Life Score were also examined using multivariate analysis techniques. Results: Neuropathy progression based on NIS-LL change from baseline to Month 18 remained significantly reduced for tafamidis versus placebo in the baseline-adjusted and multiple imputation analyses. NIS-LL + Σ3 and NIS-LL + Σ7 captured significant treatment group differences. Multivariate analyses provided strong statistical evidence for a superior tafamidis treatment effect. Conclusions: These supportive analyses confirm that tafamidis delays neurologic progression in early-stage ATTRV30M-FAP. Trial registration number: NCT00409175.

Design and Rationale of the Phase 3 ATTR-ACT Clinical Trial (Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial)

Transthyretin amyloidosis is a rare, life-threatening disease resulting from aggregation and deposition of transthyretin amyloid fibrils in various tissues. There are 2 predominate phenotypic presentations of the disease: transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy, which primarily affects the peripheral nerves, and transthyretin cardiomyopathy (TTR-CM), which primarily affects the heart. However, there is a wide overlap with symptoms at presentation and disease course being highly variable and influenced by the underlying transthyretin mutation, age of the affected individual, sex, and geographic location. Treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis is typically focused on symptom management. Although tafamidis has been shown to delay neurologic progression of transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy, there are no approved pharmacologic therapies shown to improve survival in TTR-CM. The natural history of TTR-CM is poorly characterized, which presents difficulties for the design of large-scale trials for new treatments. This review provides a brief overview of TTR-CM and the challenges of identifying clinically meaningful end points and study parameters to determine the efficacy of treatments for rare diseases. The design and rationale behind the ongoing phase 3 ATTR-ACT study (Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial), an international, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, is also outlined. The ATTR-ACT study will provide important insight into the efficacy and safety of tafamidis for the treatment of TTR-CM. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01994889.

Tafamidis delays neurological progression comparably across Val30Met and non-Val30Met genotypes in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy

To better characterize the effects of tafamidis in non‐Val30Met patients with transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy, this post hoc analysis compared the neurological results from a 12‐month, open‐label study of non‐Val30Met versus Val30Met patients at month 12 from the 18‐month, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled registration study. A baseline covariate adjusted analysis was used to control for differences in baseline neurological severity.

Characterizing relapse prevention in bipolar disorder with adjunctive ziprasidone: Clinical and methodological implications

BACKGROUND Ziprasidone, adjunctive to either lithium or valproate, has previously been shown to be associated with a significantly lower risk of relapse in bipolar disorder compared with lithium or valproate treatment alone. METHODS This placebo-controlled outpatient trial with ziprasidone adjunctive to lithium or valproate or lithium and valproate alone, for subjects with a recent or current manic or mixed episode of bipolar I disorder, comprised a 2.5- to 4-month, open-label stabilization period, followed by a 6-month, double-blind maintenance period. These post hoc analyses characterize the relapse outcomes by dose, relapse types and timing as well as all-reason discontinuations during the maintenance period. RESULTS Time to relapse and all-reason discontinuation were both statistically significant in favor of the ziprasidone 120mg/day group compared with placebo (p=0.004 and 0.001, respectively) during the 6-month double-blind period. There was no difference in time to relapse in the 80 and 160mg/day dose groups compared with placebo (p=0.16 and 0.40, respectively) and, likewise, for time to all-reason discontinuation (p=0.20 for both doses). The majority of relapses in each group occurred prior to week 8, and most were depressive in nature. LIMITATIONS The primary study was not designed to compare relapse rates by dose groups. CONCLUSIONS These analyses confirm the effectiveness of ziprasidone (80-160mg/day) in preventing relapses in subjects with bipolar disorder, with the 120mg/day dosage appearing to have the highest relapse prevention rate.

Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy

Background Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy is caused by the deposition of transthyretin amyloid fibrils in the myocardium. The deposition occurs when wild‐type or variant transthyretin becomes unstable and misfolds. Tafamidis binds to transthyretin, preventing tetramer dissociation and amyloidogenesis. Methods In a multicenter, international, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 441 patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in a 2:1:2 ratio to receive 80 mg of tafamidis, 20 mg of tafamidis, or placebo for 30 months. In the primary analysis, we hierarchically assessed all‐cause mortality, followed by frequency of cardiovascular‐related hospitalizations according to the Finkelstein–Schoenfeld method. Key secondary end points were the change from baseline to month 30 for the 6‐minute walk test and the score on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire–Overall Summary (KCCQ‐OS), in which higher scores indicate better health status. Results In the primary analysis, all‐cause mortality and rates of cardiovascular‐related hospitalizations were lower among the 264 patients who received tafamidis than among the 177 patients who received placebo (P<0.001). Tafamidis was associated with lower all‐cause mortality than placebo (78 of 264 [29.5%] vs. 76 of 177 [42.9%]; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51 to 0.96) and a lower rate of cardiovascular‐related hospitalizations, with a relative risk ratio of 0.68 (0.48 per year vs. 0.70 per year; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.81). At month 30, tafamidis was also associated with a lower rate of decline in distance for the 6‐minute walk test (P<0.001) and a lower rate of decline in KCCQ‐OS score (P<0.001). The incidence and types of adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions In patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, tafamidis was associated with reductions in all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular‐related hospitalizations and reduced the decline in functional capacity and quality of life as compared with placebo. (Funded by Pfizer; ATTR‐ACT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01994889.)

Tafamidis reduces disease progression in patients with transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy: supportive post-hoc analyses of a pivotal trial

Background Safety and efficacy of once-daily 20 mg tafamidis, a transthyretin (TTR) stabilizer, was evaluated in an 18-month, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 128 patients with early symptomatic V30M TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP). In the intent-to-treat population, a responder analysis for Neuropathy Impairment Score-Lower Limb (NIS-LL) (co-primary with Norfolk Quality of Life-Diabetic Neuropathy) favoured tafamidis (P=0.07). A pre-specified, key secondary analysis of change from baseline to Month 18 in NIS-LL continuous scores was significant (P=0.04). Placebo-corrected point estimates for 5 pre-specified and validated measures of disease progression also favoured tafamidis and were directionally consistent. Additional post-hoc analyses supporting tafamidis for delaying progression of TTR-FAP are reported here.

Early intervention with tafamidis provides long-term benefit in delaying neurological progression in patients with transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy

Background Tafamidis is a transthyretin (TTR) stabilizer approved to delay neurological progression associated with stage 1 TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP). A placebocontrolled, randomized 18-month registration trial allowed for continued evaluation of patients receiving tafamidis (20 mg oral once-daily) through an ongoing open label extension study. The effectiveness of tafamidis for delaying long-term neurological progression relative to baseline levels of neuropathy impairment at the start of treatment has not been reported previously.