Bambang Hero Saharjo

Comprehensive laboratory measurements of biomass‐burning emissions: 1. Emissions from Indonesian, African, and other fuels

Trace gas and particle emissions were measured from 47 laboratory fires burning 16 regionally to globally significant fuel types. Instrumentation included the following: open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry; filter sampling with subsequent analysis of particles with diameter <2.5 μm for organic and elemental carbon and other elements; and canister sampling with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography (GC)/flame ionization detector, GC/electron capture detector, and GC/mass spectrometry. The emissions of 26 compounds are reported by fuel type. The results include the first detailed measurements of the emissions from Indonesian fuels. Carbon dioxide, CO, CH 4 , NH 3 , HCN, methanol, and acetic acid were the seven most abundant emissions (in order) from burning Indonesian peat. Acetol (hydroxyacetone) was a major, previously unobserved emission from burning rice straw (21-34 g/kg). The emission factors for our simulated African fires are consistent with field data for African fires for compounds measured in both the laboratory and the field. However, the higher concentrations and more extensive instrumentation in this work allowed quantification of at least 10 species not previously quantified for African field fires (in order of abundance): acetaldehyde, phenol, acetol, glycolaldehyde, methylvinylether, furan, acetone, acetonitrile, propenenitrile, and propanenitrile. Most of these new compounds are oxygenated organic compounds, which further reinforces the importance of these reactive compounds as initial emissions from global biomass burning. A few high-combustion-efficiency fires emitted very high levels of elemental (black) carbon, suggesting that biomass burning may produce more elemental carbon than previously estimated.

Estimation of litter fall and seed production of Acacia mangium in a forest plantation in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Annual litter fall of Acacia mangium in the period of September 1995 to August 1996 was estimated at 5939 kg ha ˇ1 year ˇ1 and from September 1995 to August 1996 at 6048 kg ha ˇ1 year ˇ1 , with the highest seasonal production in the dry season. The litter fall was dominated mainly by leaves, 4446 kg (75%) and 4137 kg (68%), respectively. Seed production in the litter fall was estimated at 42.4 kg ha ˇ1 year ˇ1 (4.1 million seeds ha ˇ1 ) and 39 kg ha ˇ1 year ˇ1 (3.8 million seeds ha ˇ1 ), with the highest in the dry season from June to October. The accumulated litter fall in the forest floor together with shrubs and grass provide a high fuel load, increasing fire risk. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

controlled burning in peat lands owned by small farmers: a case study in land preparation

The 1997/1998 forest fires in Indonesia resulted in the destruction of at least 10 million ha of forests and non-forestlands and the release of more than 2.6 G tons of carbon. These fires made Indonesia one of the largest contributors of greenhouse gases in the world. It is now recognized that about 80 – 90% of the fires came from agricultural and industrial plantation estates using fire for land preparation activities. Estate oil palm development accounted for the majority of the fires, particularly in Riau. At least 176 companies accredited with the Indonesian Forestry and Estate Crops Department caused the fires in 1997/1998. More than 50 companies in 1999 and 100 companies in 2001 were identified to be still using fire in land preparation activities. To make matters worse, the use of fire in land clearing is also prevalent among many small-holder farmers as a traditional means of land preparation. Since 2000, some companies using fire for land preparation have been taken to court and been punished. Meanwhile, shifting cultivators still have the possibility of using fire as long as the impact is not so bad. In order to understand the behavior and characteristics of fire in land preparation by small-holder farmers, several peat fire experiments were conducted. The experiments showed that high flame temperature and intensity result from high fuel loads. Such information is important in order to evaluate land preparation practices with the use of fire, to determine restoration methods, and to recommend appropriate policy reforms for small-holder farmers.

The flammability of shrubs and trees in an Acacia mangium plantation based on silica-free ash content

Preliminary research to understand the flammability of 14 species of shrubs and 8 species of trees based on silica-free ash content was done in order to recognize which shrubs or trees are more flammable. The results show that the silica-free ash content of shrubs and trees leaves was greater than the stems ranging between 1.7% and 11.4% for leaf and 0.4% and 7.8% for the stems. The shrubsDicranopteris linearis, Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium pubescens, Lantana camara, Eugenia sp.,Cliforia laurifolia, Pterospermum sp.,Hibiscus similis, Clidemia hirta andTrema orientalis must be considered when fire invades the plantation as well as the treeParaserianthes falcataria, Eucalyptus urophylla, Calliandra callothyrsus, andPeronema canescens.

Long‐Lead Prediction of the 2015 Fire and Haze Episode in Indonesia

We conducted a case study of NCEP CFSv2 seasonal model forecast performance over Indonesia in predicting the dry conditions in 2015 that led to severe fire, in comparison to the non-El Niño dry season conditions of 2016. Forecasts of the Drought Code (DC) component of Indonesias Fire Danger Rating System were examined across the entire Equatorial Asia region and for the primary burning regions within it. Our results show that early warning lead times of high observed DC in September and October 2015 varied considerably for different regions. High DC over Southern Kalimantan and Southern New Guinea were predicted with 180-day lead times, whereas Southern Sumatra had lead times of up to only 60 days, which we attribute to the absence in the forecasts of an eastward decrease in Indian Ocean SSTs. This case study provides the starting point for longer-term evaluation of seasonal fire danger rating forecasts over Indonesia.

Forest and Land Fires Hazard Level Modeling: Case study of Kapuas, Central Kalimantan

Forest and land fires occur almost every year in Indonesia and their impacts are detrimental to human life and the environment. The major causes of forest and land fires thus need to be determined and spatial pattern of the fire activity needs to be developed. The assessment of hazard levels can help policy makers to develop strategy and actions for managing fire risks and to develop spatial plans that can decrease the fire risk or evaluate the impacts of land use change on fire risk.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land and Forest Fires in Indonesia Using MODIS Active Fire Dataset

Land and forest fires occur in Indonesia every year causing ecological damage and economic losses. Most of the fires are human initiated as locals use fire as a land clearing tool, converting forests to agriculture and plantations. In this study, we use descriptive statistics to analyze fires from 2006 to 2015 using MODIS satellite data. Specifically, spatio-temporal patterns of fires have been analyzed in all provinces, forest types, peatlands, and moratorium areas. The results suggested fires in almost all regions of Indonesia, in particular, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua. The highest fire intensity was found in the production forests (73%). The year of 2015 was the worst fire season in Indonesia since 1997. During 2015, 67% of fires were detected in forest areas and 33% in non-forest areas. We also found 36% of active fires occurring in peatlands. Within the fire moratorium area, active fires continue to increase significantly suggesting moratorium areas had not been effective for fire mitigation.

Forest and Land Fires in Riau Province: A Case Study in Fire Prevention Policy Implementation with Local Concession Holders

During the last 5 years (2010–2014), the frequency of forest and land fires in the Riau province had increased significantly each year. Various government policies were implemented to minimize forest and land fire such as through constitution, government policy, President’s policy, Ministry of forestry policy, Ministry of Agriculture policy, and Director General policy. The regulations mandated that every permit owner both in forestry and plantation sector must have facilities (infrastructure), human resources, and sufficient institutional system to prevent forest and land fires in their unit area. Besides, the government had also mandated to every business permit owner to consider biophysical aspects to prevent forest and land fires. However, forest and land fires in Riau are still continuing every year with increasing frequency. This condition creates a question about what is actually happening in Riau. This chapter shows that forest and land fire in June 2013 and January–March 2014 in Riau occurred because the policies were not implemented optimally by both forestry and palm oil plantation companies. Factors behind the forest and land fires in Riau province were attributed to (1) resources (human resources, information, authority, and facilities); (2) attitude of policy implementer in unit area; and (3) bureaucracy and an organizational structure. From five oil palm plantation companies observed, it was found that four companies classified into category 2 or do not implement the policies. The four companies with the level of policy implementation are as follows: (1) PT. MEG (23.0%); (2) PT. TFDI (23.0%); (3) PT. JJP (23.5%); and PT. BNS (48.3%). The other companies which were PT. SAGM classified into category 1 or do not implement the policies at all (18.5%). Of the 12 forestry companies observed, it was found that one company PT. SRL Blok III was classified into category 1 which do not implement the policies at all (7.22%). Another company PT SRL Blok V was classified into category 3 which lacked in policy implementation (50.78%). The remaining ten companies (1) PT. DRT; (2) PT. NSP; (3) PT. SPA; (4) PT. SSL; (5) PT.AA; (6) PT.SG; (7) PT.SRL Blok IV; (8) PT. SPM; (9) PT.RUJ; and (10) PT. RRL were classified into category 2 which did not implement the policy (26.20–43.40%).

Determining critical groundwater level to prevent degraded peatland from severe peat fire

Peat fires have been a severe recurrent problem for Indonesia, but droughts due to prolonged dry season aggravate burning conditions. To get a better understanding of this issue, we studied fire conditions in a portion of the ex-Mega Rice Project (MRP) area, Central Kalimantan. To examine fire season and hydrology factors affecting peat fires we analyzed daily TRMM data, Nino 3.4 SST Anomalies, and changing groundwater levels (GWL) from 300 dipwells. Our results quantify time-lags between the period of lowest precipitation and the lowest GWL; providing some ability to predict fire risk in advance of the lowest GWL. The rise of Nino 3.4 SST anomalies is significant risk factors for peat fire as they signify dry months which may yield large fire occurrences. GWL in 2011 was lower than in 2012, but fires were more frequent in 2012, indicating that low precipitation amounts in the wet season of 2011/2012 left the peat in a dry condition early in 2012. Most of the fires occurred in areas with GWL less than -30 cm, powerfully illustrating the importance of maintaining GWL at more than -10 cm, to prevent degraded peatlands from experiencing surface and deep peat fires.

Impact of Fire on Natural Regeneration in Peat

Fire is one of the most effective tools in disappearing vegetation community, where it was depend on the characteristics of burning itself and also the performance of the site being burnt. Previous research in mineral soils showed that repeated burning occurred at the same place trend to clean the vegetation which finally leads to have the land with lower number and quality of species left, while in peat land it was not fully understood. The research objective is to understand the vegetation dynamics following peat fires in the fibric peat type at the land preparation area using fire belong to the local community located in the Pelalawan district, Riau province, Indonesia during the dry season in the year 2001. Before slashing and drying, /0 tree species and 4 species of under storey vegetationfound. The site was dominated by Uncaria glabrata at seedling stage, Garcinia rostrata at sapling stage, Shorea macrophylla at pole stage and Pandanus immersus at understorey. After slashing and followed by 4 weeks drying then continued by burning with high flame temperature range from 8750(; to 900°C, it had been found that 3-months follOWing burning the site was dominated by Garcinia-rostrata at seedling stage and Cyperus halpan at understorey, while 6-months following burning the site was dominated by Eugenia jambos at seedling stage and Cyperus hal pan at understorey. Three months following burning species left to be only 4 species with 115 individuaVha (3 species from original and 1 new species emerge), and at 6 months following burning still 4 species left with 250 individuaVha.Meanwhile in understorey vegetation, 3 months following burning the species increased to be 7 species with 746 individuaVha (3 species left unchanged, I species disappeared and 4 new species emerge) and 6 months following burning the species left still 7 species with 1235 individuaVha. This means thatfire stimulate the increasing number of under storey vegetation.Agribusiness of herbal medicine is more important in the future due to raw material pharmaceutical industry tends to use materials naturally produced To develop herbal medicine with high quality requires the criteria of land suitability based on yield quality, which is represented by active compounds. The compounds are resulted from secondary metabolite that is related to environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to generate the land suitability criteria for curry with curcuma production base. A total of 49 curry plantation sites were sampled for plant age, productivity, and land characteristics, as well as soil and rhizome samples for laboratory analysis. Age-adjusted curcuma production was used as the yield response, which were plotted against land characteristics. Boundary lines confining the resultant scatter of points were then mathematically described. The boundary lines defined curcuma yields that may occur under a given set of conditions and could be used to determine land suitability criteria. The criteria were done by using projection of line intersection between boundary line and yield cut off. Land characteristic and curcuma yield relationships had similar pattern, the scalier data were more skewness with higher yields and the scalier confined by boundary lines. By using the lines, every land characteristics that were studied, could be determine to establish land suitability criteria for curry, except for water availability and aluminum saturation.