Beatriz Gonçalves Brasileiro

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities screening of some Brazilian medicinal plants used in Governador Valadares district

Os extratos etanolicos de plantas medicinais utilizadas por moradores da cidade de Governador Valadares foram avaliados quanto as atividades antimicrobiana e citotoxica. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada durante o periodo de 1997-2000, por meio de entrevistas com os raizeiros locais. Foram avaliados 33 extratos brutos de um total de 32 especies. Desses extratos, dez apresentaram toxicidade as larvas de Artemia salina (DL50<1000 ppm): Costus pisonis, Cymbopogon nardus, Eclipta alba, Eleutherine bulbosa, Erigium foetidium, Euphorbia tirucalli, Mikania hirsutissima, Momordica charantia, Solidago microglossa e Plectranthus ornatus. Quanto a atividade antimicrobiana, nenhum dos extratos apresentou atividade contra Escherichia coli. Entretanto, treze extratos mostraram-se ativos contra Staphylococcus aureus: E. alba, Scoparia sp., Arctium lappa, Chammomila tinctoria, E. bulbosa, M. hirsutissima, S. microglossa, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Pffafia glomerata, Stenorrhyrchnus lanceolatum, Vernonia condensata e Lippia alba.

Plantas com possível atividade hipolipidêmica: uma revisão bibliográfica de livros editados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2008

The aim of this study was to survey medicinal plants indicated for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and/or atherosclerosis. This study was performed from a review of 32 books published in Brazil between 1998 and 2008, resulting in a list of 85 species belonging to 53 families, especially Asteraceae and Fabaceae, with 54 exotic and 31 native species. The species most often cited were Allium sativum (Alliaceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Allium cepa (Alliaceae), Echinodorus grandiflorus (Alismataceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Vernonia condensata (Asteraceae), Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae) and Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae). Native species cited in at least 2 books were investigated for some scientific evidence related to possible hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects and/or action against atherosclerosis. Scientific studies related to these effects were found only for the native species Cuphea carthagenensis and Echinodorus grandiflorum, indicating the need for studies capable of assuring the safety and the efficacy as to the use of these species.

Antifungal activity of extracts from Piper aduncum leaves prepared by different solvents and extraction techniques against dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale

The effects of different solvents and extraction techniques upon the phytochemical profile and anti-Trichophyton activity of extracts from Piper aduncum leaves were evaluated. Extract done by maceration method with ethanol has higher content of sesquiterpenes and antifungal activity. This extract may be useful as an alternative treatment for dermatophytosis.

Floral biology and characterization of seed germination in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)

The objective of this study was to characterize morphologically the seed germination and floral biology of Jatropha curcas grown in Vicosa, Minas Gerais state. The floral biology study was made on fresh inflorescences of 20 plants. For the post-seminal development study, the seeds were submitted to laboratory and greenhouse germination test. J. curcas has flowers of both sexes within the same inflorescence, with each inflorescence having an average of 131 flowers, being 120 male and 10.5 female flowers. Low numbers of hermaphrodite flowers were also found, ranging from 0 to 6 flowers per inflorescence. The germination of J. curcas begins on the third day with radicle protrusion in the hilum region. The primary root is cylindrical, thick, glabrous and branches rapidly, with about 4-5 branches three days after protrusion, when the emergence of the secondary roots begins. Seed coat removal occurs around the 8th day, when the endosperm is almost totally degraded and offers no resistance to the cotyledons that expand between the 10th and 12th day. A normal seedling has a long greenish hypocotyl, two cotyledons, a robust primary root and several lateral roots. On the 12th day after sowing, the normal seedling is characterized as phanerocotylar and germination is epigeal.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de nêspera armazenadas em diferentes embalagens

The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is an exotic fruit originated from Japan, cultivated in southeastern Brazil, in both domestic and commercial orchards. Such as occurs with other fruits, there is still lack of research on loquat, concerning physiological quality and storage of seeds, aiming their use and perpetuation. The objective of this study was to obtain information about the performance of loquat seeds during storage in two types of packaging. The seeds were extracted from the fruits, washed in water and dried in natural conditions of temperature (25±1°C). Then they were packed in two types of packaging (plastic and paper) and stored in refrigerator (8±2°C). At the beginning of the experiment and every 30 days (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 storage days), tests were run to determine the seed moisture content, first counting and germination tests, and the results were expressed in percentage. Loquat seeds are dispersed with high water content (58%), and germination of the seeds stored in paper bags decreased abruptly the 30th day of storage and at the 60th day of storage, when moisture contents reached values around 25%, the germination completely finished, reflecting their recalcitrance. Seeds storage in plastic packaging maintained the moisture content and remained viable for a period of 180 days, showing 90% germination and 60% moisture content.

Effects of temperature and pre-germinative treatments on seed germination of Talinum triangulare (Jacq. ) willd (Portulacaceae)

6 ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature, substrate and pre-germinative treatments on T. triangulare seeds. Four temperatures (constant 20, 25, 30 °C and alternate 20-30 °C) and two types of seeding (on paper and between paper), with light, were evaluated. The pre-germinative treatments evaluated included: immersion in water (24 hours), immersion in 6% hypochlorite solution (1 hour), immersion in 0.2% potassium nitrate solution (24 hours), immersion in 0.05% gibberellin solution (24 hours) and the control (untreated seeds). The highest germination percentage was observed at the alternate temperatures of 20-30 oC, but with no significant difference between the substrates at this temperature. Soaking seeds in KNO 3 gave the highest percentage germination and germination speed index (GSI), which differed from the other treatments except for soaking in water. Pre- soaking of T. triangulare seeds favors germination and may be done only in pure water, resulting in a more rapid and uniform germination.

GERMINAÇÃO E MORFOLOGIA DO DESENVOLVIMENTO PÓS-SEMINAL DE SEMENTES DE NIM-INDIANO (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. - MELIACEAE) 1

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. is a native specie of the arid areas of Asia and Africa, but nowadays is also distributed in America and other areas with tropical and sub-tropical climate. It is a very resistant plant that presents excellent medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to define the ideal germination conditions for neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seeds evaluating the most appropriate substrates, temperature and characterizing its post-seminal morphology. Seeds were sown on vermiculite, sand and towel paper and maintained in a germinator at 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 20-30°C. A complete randomized design was used, with 25 seeds sown in four replications, and the germination percentage was evaluated. The best results were obtained for temperature of 35°C in vermiculite and towel paper substrates and countings performed at 15 and 30 days after sowing. Normal seedlings were classified as epigeal germination.

Antibiotic activity of Plectranthus ornatus Codd., a Traditional Medicinal Plant

The dichloromethane extract of Plectranthus ornatus Codd., a tradicional medicinal plant, showed antibiotic activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.4 mg.mL-1 and 100 percent of biofilm inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animals with mastitis infections. Based on these antibacterial activities, in addition to ethnopharmacological reports from healing men and farmers in Brazil, an herbal soap was produced from this active extract and was tested both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo assays conducted on these herbal soaps led to results similar to those previously conducted with the active extract. These results indicated the great potential of this plant for use as an excipient by preparing herbal antibacterial soaps as an alternative veterinary medicine aimed at controlling bovine mastitis infections on small Brazilian farms.

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF TALINUM TRIANGULARE (JACQ.) WILLD (PORTULACACEAE)

This study aimed to assess chemical compositions and anatomy of Talinum triangulare extract and its cytotoxic activity in order to improve the knowledge of the specie. Leaves and stem fragments were fixed, sectioned and stained following the usual techniques in anatomy. The phytochemical screening was performed according to classical tests for secondary metabolites detection. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using as model the lethality of Artemia salina larvae. The studied leaf is amphistomatic and presents uniseriate epidermis covered by thin cuticle. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib consists of collateral vascular bundle. In the apical portion, the stem has vascular bundles delimiting the medular and cortical regions. A stratum of angular collenchyma is found beneath the epidermis. In the basal portion, the stem has about four layers of angular collenchyma and voluminous parenchyma cells internally delimiting the cortex. The phytochemical screening detects the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenes and steroids. The mineral composition showed that the major element found was nitrogen, followed by potassium and magnesium, and the leaves are iron rich. The ethanolic extract did not show toxicity in the larvae of A. salina, with LD50> 1000 ppm, which proves the safe use of this specie in popular therapy.

Caracterização morfológica e germinação de sementes de jalapa (Operculina macrocarpa (L.)Urb.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of tegumentar dormancy and identify pre-germination treatments that can unify and accelerate the germination and know the morphology of the seminal development in post-seed of Operculina macrocarpa. The seeds were subjected to the following pre-germination treatments: immersion in water for 1 hour; immersion in hypochlorite solution for 1 hour and the control, represented by seeds without pretreatment. Germination and emergence tests were conducted with four replications of 25 and 20 seeds, carried out in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. Evaluations were conducted daily, for 30 days and the percentage of normal seedlings (15 and 30 days) and the rate of speed germination/emergency were calculated. The germination of Operculina macrocarpa is epigeous-phanerocotylar and the seed, although it has a hard seed coat, was not shown to be impermeable to water and thus does not require pre-germination treatments.