Beatriz Gonçalves Ribeiro

Are female athletes at increased risk for disordered eating and its complications

The purpose of the study was to make a systematic review and describe and confront recent studies that compare the presence of disordered eating and its complications in young female athletes and controls subjects - PubMed, Scielo, Medline, ScienceDirect, WILEY InterScience, Lilacs and Cochrane were the databases used for this review. Out of 169 studies 22 were selected and 11,000 women from 68 sports were studied. The short version of the EAT was the most common instrument used to track disordered eating. Results showed that 55% found no significant difference in the percentage of disordered eating between athletes and controls. Also a higher percentage of studies reported higher frequency of menstrual dysfunction in athletes than controls and finally 50% of the studies found incidence of low bone mass in controls. Not all the studies that investigated all the conditions in the triad, but the authors concluded that it seemed that athletes were in more severe stage of this disorder. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a definitive conclusion about the groups and at highest risk for disordered eating and its complications remains to be elucidated.

Avaliação do estado nutricional de atletas de ginástica olímpica do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of 46 female olympic gymnastics athletes, aged 11 to 14 years old, attending private gymnastics clubs of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. The anthropometric assessment involved measurements of height, body mass, skinfold thickness and circumferences. Significant difference was observed for the triceps, suprailiac, mid thigh and medial calf skinfolds and for the percentage of body fat (p<0.05). For the assessment of dietary intake a 24-hour recall and a 3-day self-register were used. The energy consumption and the percentage of carbohydrates (50% to 58%) in the diet were low and the protein ingestion (1.5 to 1.7 g/kg of body weight) was appropriate, according to values proposed for athletes. Vitamin intake was satisfactory, except for folic acid of gymnasts from Rio de Janeiro. From the minerals assessed, the intake of calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron was inadequate. No clinical signs of iron deficiency were observed.

The prevalence of disordered eating and possible health consequences in adolescent female tennis players from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of disordered eating and possible health consequences in adolescent female tennis players. This cross-sectional controlled study investigated the pubertal development (Tanner stages); body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-DXA); dietary intake (food record); presence of disordered eating (EAT-26, BITE and BSQ); menstrual status (questionnaire) and bone mineral density (DXA). The Female Athlete Triad (FAT) was divided into two severity stages. The study included 45 adolescents (24 athletes and 21 controls) at some pubertal developmental stage. The athletes exhibited better body composition profiles. We found that 91.7%, 33.3% and 25% of athletes and 71.4%, 9.5% and 33.3% of controls met criteria for disordered eating and/or low energy availability, menstrual irregularities and low bone mass, respectively. A greater percentage of athletes than controls presented with 1 and 2 FAT components (stage I), and 4.2% presented with the full syndrome. In conclusion, tennis players appear to present with more severe disorders than controls and should be monitored to avoid damage to their performance and health.

Disordered eating among adolescent female swimmers: Dietary, biochemical, and body composition factors

OBJECTIVE To verify associations among body composition, biochemical parameters, and food intake in adolescent female swimmers with and without disordered eating (DE). METHODS Seventy-seven athletes 11 to 19 y old from clubs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied. DE was assessed through three questionnaires (Eating Attitudes Test-26; Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; and Body Shape Questionnaire), body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and food intake by a 3-d diet record. Biochemical parameters related to iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were analyzed. The Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Spearman coefficient were calculated. RESULTS DE was found in 44.2% of the sample. DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented greater body fat percentage (11-14 y: 27.5% versus 23.4%, P = 0.023; 15-19 y: 30.2% versus 24.1%, P = 0.006) and fat mass (11-14 y: 13.8 versus 10.3 kg, P = 0.010; 15-19 y: 17.0 versus 13.2 kg, P = 0.027). In relation to food intake, DE-positive athletes presented lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Most other dietary parameters showed a low adequacy of consumption, with no difference between athletes with and without DE. Four DE-positive athletes presented anemia or iron deficiency. CONCLUSION DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented a higher percentage of body fat and fat mass, lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group, and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Greater attention should be given to the nutritional state of these athletes, considering the number of adolescents with anemia and an inadequate dietary intake.

Distúrbios nutricionais em atletas femininas e suas inter-relações

Researches have indicated that the prevalence of nutrition disorders is high among young female athletes engaged in sports that emphasize the importance of leanness and low body weight, such as olympic gymnastics and distance running. In order to understand the etiology of these problems, this review presents the main nutrition disorders in female athletes, including definitions, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, presence of interrelated disorders (anemia, menstrual irregularities and failure of bone mineralization) and their consequences on health and athletic performance. It is fundamental to point out the importance of nutrition on physical performance. The presence of a low body weight and a very restricted energy intake is the principal risk factor for the development of nutritional disturbances. The athletes and their coaches do not have an apropriate knowledge about nutrition, so it is necessary an individualized nutritional orientation to avoid the development of these disturbances.

Prevention of eating disorders in female athletes.

Eating disorders are serious mental diseases that frequently appear in female athletes. They are abnormal eating behaviors that can be diagnosed only by strict criteria. Disordered eating, although also characterized as abnormal eating behavior, does not include all the criteria for diagnosing eating disorders and is therefore a way to recognize the problem in its early stages. It is important to identify factors to avoid clinical progression in this high-risk population. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss critical information for the prevention of eating disorders in female athletes. This review discusses the major correlates for the development of an eating disorder. We also discuss which athletes are possibly at highest risk for eating disorders, including those from lean sports and female adolescent athletes. There is an urgent need for the demystification of myths surrounding body weight and performance in sports. This review includes studies that tested different prevention programs’ effectiveness, and the majority showed positive results. Educational programs are the best method for primary prevention of eating disorders. For secondary prevention, early identification is essential and should be performed by preparticipation exams, the recognition of dietary markers, and the use of validated self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews. In addition, more randomized clinical trials are needed with athletes from multiple sports in order for the most reliable recommendations to be made and for some sporting regulations to be changed.

Caracterizacao nutricional de jogadores de elite de futebol de amputados

Apesar de o futebol ser um esporte popular no Brasil, o futebol de amputados nao e conhecido pelo publico em geral. Este esporte requer um aumento na demanda metabolica e, com a amputacao de membros inferiores, o gasto energetico da caminhada e corrida pode aumentar consideravelmente. Logo, o aspecto nutricional tem importante papel no desempenho esportivo e na qualidade de vida desses atletas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional de quatro jogadores de futebol de amputados, com idade entre 21 e 33 anos, participantes da Selecao Brasileira de Futebol de Amputados. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado atraves do registro alimentar de seis dias para energia, macronutrientes, fibras alimentares e micronutrientes. A avaliacao antropometrica consistiu das medidas da estatura, peso, dobras cutâneas e circunferencias que permitiram avaliar o estado nutricional. As analises bioquimicas realizadas foram: hemoglobina, hematocrito, ferritina e transferrina para verificar o estado nutricional de ferro; ureia, albumina e creatinina para caracterizar o perfil proteico e colesterol total e fracoes e trigliceridios para avaliar o perfil lipidico. Os resultados mostraram que os atletas apresentavam grandes variacoes quanto ao consumo energetico (2.179 a 4.294kcal) e de macronutrientes. Os atletas apresentaram consumo lipidico de 25 a 30% do valor energetico total (VET), proteico de 1,8 a 3,9g/kg/dia e baixo percentual de carboidratos (48 a 54% do VET) e baixa ingestao de vitamina E. A avaliacao bioquimica demonstrou nao haver anemia ferropriva, com as reservas proteicas adequadas e perfil lipidico dentro da faixa de normalidade. Conclui-se que os futebolistas amputados necessitam de orientacao nutricional para corrigir os habitos alimentares, observados no periodo pre-competitivo e para propiciar melhor desempenho atletico.

Nutritional characterization of elite amputee soccer players

Apesar de o futebol ser um esporte popular no Brasil, o futebol de amputados nao e conhecido pelo publico em geral. Este esporte requer um aumento na demanda metabolica e, com a amputacao de membros inferiores, o gasto energetico da caminhada e corrida pode aumentar consideravelmente. Logo, o aspecto nutricional tem importante papel no desempenho esportivo e na qualidade de vida desses atletas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional de quatro jogadores de futebol de amputados, com idade entre 21 e 33 anos, participantes da Selecao Brasileira de Futebol de Amputados. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado atraves do registro alimentar de seis dias para energia, macronutrientes, fibras alimentares e micronutrientes. A avaliacao antropometrica consistiu das medidas da estatura, peso, dobras cutâneas e circunferencias que permitiram avaliar o estado nutricional. As analises bioquimicas realizadas foram: hemoglobina, hematocrito, ferritina e transferrina para verificar o estado nutricional de ferro; ureia, albumina e creatinina para caracterizar o perfil proteico e colesterol total e fracoes e trigliceridios para avaliar o perfil lipidico. Os resultados mostraram que os atletas apresentavam grandes variacoes quanto ao consumo energetico (2.179 a 4.294kcal) e de macronutrientes. Os atletas apresentaram consumo lipidico de 25 a 30% do valor energetico total (VET), proteico de 1,8 a 3,9g/kg/dia e baixo percentual de carboidratos (48 a 54% do VET) e baixa ingestao de vitamina E. A avaliacao bioquimica demonstrou nao haver anemia ferropriva, com as reservas proteicas adequadas e perfil lipidico dentro da faixa de normalidade. Conclui-se que os futebolistas amputados necessitam de orientacao nutricional para corrigir os habitos alimentares, observados no periodo pre-competitivo e para propiciar melhor desempenho atletico.

Caffeine Attenuates Decreases in Leg Power Without Increased Muscle Damage.

Abstract Ribeiro, BG, Morales, AP, Sampaio-Jorge, F, Barth, T, de Oliveira, MBC, Coelho, GMdO, and Leite, TC. Caffeine attenuates decreases in leg power without increased muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2354–2360, 2016—Caffeine ingestion has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid in several sports. Caffeine administration may increase exercise capacity, which could lead to a greater degree of muscle damage after exercise. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Six male handball athletes ingested placebo (PLA) or caffeine (CAF) (6 mg·kg−1 body mass) capsules on 2 different occasions. Sixty minutes after ingestion of the capsules, serum CAF levels were evaluated. Thereafter, all participants performed a protocol of vertical jumps (VJs). The protocol consisted of 4 sets of 30 seconds of continuous VJs with 60 seconds of recovery between sets. Blood lactate (LAC) and creatine kinase (CK) levels were determined before and after the protocol. We found significant differences in serum CAF levels between PLA (0.09 ± 0.18 µg·ml−1) vs. CAF (6.59 ± 4.44 µg·ml−1) (p < 0.001). Caffeine elicited a 5.23% (p ⩽ 0.05) improvement in the leg power compared with PLA. The CAF trial displayed higher LAC (p ⩽ 0.05) compared with PLA (6.26 ± 2.01 vs. 4.39 ± 2.42 mmol·L−1, respectively) after protocol of VJs, whereas no difference in CK was observed between trials (p > 0.05). These results indicate that immediate ingestion of CAF (6 mg·kg−1 body weight) can reduce the level of muscle fatigue and preserve leg power during the test, possibly resulting in increase in LAC. There was no increase in muscle damage, which indicates that immediate administration of (6 mg·kg−1 body weight) CAF is safe. Thus, nutritional interventions with CAF could help athletes withstand a greater physiological overload during high-intensity training sessions. The results of this study would be applicable to sports and activities that require repetitive leg power.

Suplementação de ácidos graxos ômega 3 em atletas de competição: impacto nos mediadores bioquímicos relacionados com o metabolismo lipídico

Purpose: To assess the effects of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation to swimmers on biochemical indicators. Methods: Male elite swimmers (n = 14) were assessed in a placebo-controlled randomized study over a 6-week (45-day) experimental period. The placebo group (GP) received mineral oil (n = 6) and the supplemented group (GOP) received fish oil (n = 8) containing a total of 950 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 500 mg of docosapentaenoic acid. Immediately before starting the supplementation (T0), as well as 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 45 (T45) days after that point, blood samples were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography for fatty acids composition, and by specific commercial kits for plasmatic lipoproteins. Results: The results showed that the diets of the swimmers were unbalanced regarding the macronutrient ingestion/body weight ratio (g/kg). The analysis of the consumption frequency questionnaire showed that (1) the swimmers have not regularly ingested omega 3 dietary sources and (2) the fish consumption was below once a week for 85% of the sample. The plasmatic fatty acids profile presented an increase in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p 0.05). Conclusion: N-3 fatty acids supplementation to swimmers alters the biochemical indicators of the lipid metabolism, with an influence in the decrease of the cholesterol-rich plasmatic lipoproteins, so preventing cardiovascular diseases.