Eliane de Abreu Soares

Nutrição e exercício na prevenção e controle das doenças cardiovasculares

Cardiovascular diseases represent the major worldwide cause of death, and their significant growth in developing countries alerts against their impact on underprivileged classes. Cardiovascular diseases are subject to a set of risk factors, some of which can be altered through changes in lifestyle, such as balanced diet and regular exercising. The purpose of this review is to approach these factors in order to prevent and control cardiovascular diseases. The consumption of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, soybeans, olive oil, and fish must be increased, although limiting the amount of fat. Saturated and trans fatty acids must be avoided, as well as excessive use of salt and alcoholic beverages. Besides aerobics, resistance training activities are increasing their importance in cardiac rehabilitation. Such lifestyle changes should be prioritized by Public Health authorities in order to hold back cardiovascular disease occurrence in our country.

Conhecimentos maternos sobre amamentação entre puérperas inscritas em programa de pré-natal

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer o nivel de informacao sobre amamentacao entre as mulheres que participam do programa de pre-natal na Maternidade-Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra totalizou 135 puerperas que responderam a questionario estruturado, contendo perguntas objetivas sobre aspectos praticos e teoricos do aleitamento materno. Os resultados mostraram que as mulheres iniciaram o pre-natal, em media, com 16 semanas de gravidez e realizaram cerca de oito consultas. Dentre elas, 53,3% afirmaram ter recebido informacoes sobre aleitamento materno durante o acompanhamento pre-natal e a informacao mais lembrada por 22,2% foi a de amamentar ate os seis meses de vida do bebe. Quanto ao momento ideal para a primeira mamada, 50,4% consideraram ser logo apos o parto e 47,4% apontaram o leite materno como benefico para proteger o bebe contra doencas. Embora as maes tenham conhecimentos basicos sobre aleitamento materno, questoes como o momento ideal para a primeira mamada, a importância do colostro e aspectos nutricionais relacionados a nutriz ainda precisam ser melhor esclarecidos durante o pre-natal e no periodo pos-parto imediato.

Fatores dietéticos na prevenção e tratamento de comorbidades associadas à síndrome metabólica

A sindrome metabolica constitui um fator de risco cardiovascular, sendo caracterizada pela associacao de hipertensao arterial sistemica, obesidade abdominal, tolerância a glicose prejudicada, hipertrigliceridemia e baixas concentracoes sanguineas de HDL-colesterol, alem dos estados pro-trombotico e pro-inflamatorio observados. No entanto, a alimentacao adequada, associada a outras modificacoes no estilo de vida, tais como pratica regular de atividade fisica e abandono do tabagismo, contribui para um melhor controle da doenca, prevenindo suas complicacoes e aumentando a qualidade de vida. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar, na literatura cientifica, o papel da dieta na prevencao e tratamento da sindrome metabolica. Os trabalhos sobre o assunto informam que a terapia nutricional visa a limitar o consumo de gorduras saturadas e acidos graxos trans isomeros, os principais envolvidos no aumento da colesterolemia. O aporte proteico deve ser semelhante as recomendacoes da populacao geral, com enfase no consumo de proteinas de origem vegetal e de peixe. Outro fator importante refere-se ao indice glicemico dos alimentos: dietas de alto indice glicemico estao relacionadas a promocao da resistencia insulinica, obesidade e diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Quanto as fibras alimentares, muitos estudos comprovam que a dieta rica em fibras diminui o risco de doencas coronarianas e diabetes mellitus tipo 2, alem de contribuir para melhor controle glicemico. Portanto, a alimentacao adequada constitui um fator indispensavel nao somente no tratamento, como tambem na prevencao da sindrome metabolica.

Are female athletes at increased risk for disordered eating and its complications

The purpose of the study was to make a systematic review and describe and confront recent studies that compare the presence of disordered eating and its complications in young female athletes and controls subjects - PubMed, Scielo, Medline, ScienceDirect, WILEY InterScience, Lilacs and Cochrane were the databases used for this review. Out of 169 studies 22 were selected and 11,000 women from 68 sports were studied. The short version of the EAT was the most common instrument used to track disordered eating. Results showed that 55% found no significant difference in the percentage of disordered eating between athletes and controls. Also a higher percentage of studies reported higher frequency of menstrual dysfunction in athletes than controls and finally 50% of the studies found incidence of low bone mass in controls. Not all the studies that investigated all the conditions in the triad, but the authors concluded that it seemed that athletes were in more severe stage of this disorder. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a definitive conclusion about the groups and at highest risk for disordered eating and its complications remains to be elucidated.

Avaliação do estado nutricional de atletas de ginástica olímpica do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of 46 female olympic gymnastics athletes, aged 11 to 14 years old, attending private gymnastics clubs of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. The anthropometric assessment involved measurements of height, body mass, skinfold thickness and circumferences. Significant difference was observed for the triceps, suprailiac, mid thigh and medial calf skinfolds and for the percentage of body fat (p<0.05). For the assessment of dietary intake a 24-hour recall and a 3-day self-register were used. The energy consumption and the percentage of carbohydrates (50% to 58%) in the diet were low and the protein ingestion (1.5 to 1.7 g/kg of body weight) was appropriate, according to values proposed for athletes. Vitamin intake was satisfactory, except for folic acid of gymnasts from Rio de Janeiro. From the minerals assessed, the intake of calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron was inadequate. No clinical signs of iron deficiency were observed.

Nutritional and anthropometric profile of adolescent volleyball athletes

Womens participation in volleyball began in 1928. In 1944, the first Brazilian volleyball championship happened. Flexibility, strength, power, agility and aerobic fitness are all necessary to be a master in this sport. Womens participation in sport activity has increased. However, there are only a few studies in Brazil about nutrition assessment, especially amongst female volleyball players. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the dietetic and anthropometric profiles of 25 female adolescent volleyball players of Rio de Janeiro (15-20 years old). Anthropometric assessment was obtained by body mass, stature, skinfold and circumference measurements. Prospective 3-day records, that include two weekdays and one weekend day were analyzed by a Brazilian nutrition software (CIS/EPM, 1993) to obtain the nutrient intake and the results were compared to the American recommendations. The results of anthropometric evaluation showed that athletes had body mass of 64.35 ± 6.12 kg, stature of 1.74 ± 0.06 m and fat mass of 20.51 ± 2.43%. Diets consisted of high energy and protein intake, and low carbohydrate intake. The consumption of calcium, folate and vitamin E was below the recommendations. Since these athletes are going through a period of intense growth and development associated with rigorous training, it becomes, therefore, necessary for them to receive individualized nutritional orientation to improve their performance and quality of life.

Disordered eating among adolescent female swimmers: Dietary, biochemical, and body composition factors

OBJECTIVE To verify associations among body composition, biochemical parameters, and food intake in adolescent female swimmers with and without disordered eating (DE). METHODS Seventy-seven athletes 11 to 19 y old from clubs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied. DE was assessed through three questionnaires (Eating Attitudes Test-26; Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; and Body Shape Questionnaire), body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and food intake by a 3-d diet record. Biochemical parameters related to iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were analyzed. The Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Spearman coefficient were calculated. RESULTS DE was found in 44.2% of the sample. DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented greater body fat percentage (11-14 y: 27.5% versus 23.4%, P = 0.023; 15-19 y: 30.2% versus 24.1%, P = 0.006) and fat mass (11-14 y: 13.8 versus 10.3 kg, P = 0.010; 15-19 y: 17.0 versus 13.2 kg, P = 0.027). In relation to food intake, DE-positive athletes presented lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Most other dietary parameters showed a low adequacy of consumption, with no difference between athletes with and without DE. Four DE-positive athletes presented anemia or iron deficiency. CONCLUSION DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented a higher percentage of body fat and fat mass, lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group, and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Greater attention should be given to the nutritional state of these athletes, considering the number of adolescents with anemia and an inadequate dietary intake.

Guias alimentares para crianças: aspectos históricos e evolução

Os guias alimentares possuem duas propostas: a primeira, ser um guia de saude publica, e a segunda, uma ferramenta de educacao nutricional. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar um historico dos guias alimentares e suas caracteristicas, bem como abordar os guias dieteticos desenvolvidos especificamente para criancas. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliografico dos ultimos dez anos, em base de dados Medline utilizando as palavras-chave guia alimentar, guia dietetico infantil e pirâmide alimentar infantil. Desde 1916, os guias alimentares vem sendo desenvolvidos a fim de traduzir as recomendacoes de uma dieta saudavel para populacao, porem somente a partir de 1999 foi desenvolvido pelo United States Departament of Agriculture um guia alimentar para criancas. Observou-se que os guias alimentares infantis, de modo geral, foram elaborados recentemente. Poucos paises os desenvolveram de acordo com o habito alimentar das criancas, utilizando alimentos tipicos da idade e tamanho das porcoes especificas para essa faixa etaria, considerando a limitada capacidade gastrica das criancas. Conclui-se que e muito importante desenvolver, implementar e validar os guias alimentares infantis, pois sao uma ferramenta de educacao nutricional para a formacao de habitos saudaveis e para a prevencao de doencas cronicas.

Nutritional status in Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVE To describe the nutritional status of elderly subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease. METHODS Subjects of both genders (n=40) diagnosed with mild to moderate Alzheimers disease according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, participated in the study. Socioeconomic status, activities of daily life, anthropometric, clinical and dietary profiles were surveyed. RESULTS Of the total, 65% were female. More than 70% were capable of accomplishing daily activities by themselves. Subjects were eutrophic with a statistically significant difference of the arm circumference between the mild and moderate groups. As for illnesses secondary to Alzheimers, 52% of the elderly presented hypertension, followed by arthrosis type alterations (17%). The mean consumption of energy and macronutrients in the elderly classified as mild dementia was of 1645 kcal, distributed in 53.7% of carbohydrate, 17.5% of proteins or 0.9 g/kg and 28.8% of lipids. For those classified as moderate dementia it was of 1482 kcal, distributed in 59.3% of carbohydrate, 16.1% of proteins and 24.6% of lipids. CONCLUSION In this descriptive study of elderly outpatients with mild and moderate Alzheimers disease, most presented a nutritional status of eutrophy, with adequate dietary intake of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamin C, but with low dietary intake of vitamin E.

Distúrbios nutricionais em atletas femininas e suas inter-relações

Researches have indicated that the prevalence of nutrition disorders is high among young female athletes engaged in sports that emphasize the importance of leanness and low body weight, such as olympic gymnastics and distance running. In order to understand the etiology of these problems, this review presents the main nutrition disorders in female athletes, including definitions, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, presence of interrelated disorders (anemia, menstrual irregularities and failure of bone mineralization) and their consequences on health and athletic performance. It is fundamental to point out the importance of nutrition on physical performance. The presence of a low body weight and a very restricted energy intake is the principal risk factor for the development of nutritional disturbances. The athletes and their coaches do not have an apropriate knowledge about nutrition, so it is necessary an individualized nutritional orientation to avoid the development of these disturbances.