Bernardo Ueno

Caracterização morfocultural e molecular de isolados de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides patogênicos ao mamoeiro

Twenty-nine monoconidial cultures of Colletotrichum isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) petioles and fruits were characterized by conidial and appressoria morphology, colony color, growth rate, sensitivity to benomyl, presence of setae, presence of the teleomorph, PCR with taxon-specific primers and analysis of PCR-RFLP of the ITS region. The 29 isolates from papaya were identified as C. gloeosporioides, based mainly on conidial and appressoria morphology, with most isolates producing cylindrical and/or obclavate conidia and entirely or weakly lobed appressoria, in contrast with the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) isolate of C. acutatum, which produced fusiform conidia and circular appressoria with entire edges. Presence of setae, teleomorphic stage, colony color, sensitivity to benomyl and growth rate were variable among isolates and influenced by the culture medium. All papaya isolates and four isolates (C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum) from other hosts, mango (Mangifera indica), strawberry and apple (Malus domestica), were pathogenic to papaya fruits cv. Sunrise Solo, producing similar symptoms, but with variability in aggressiveness. PCR with C. gloeosporioides-specific primer, CgInt, confirmed the identity of four papaya isolates. Two other isolates reacted with C. acutatum-specific primer, CaInt2. The majority of papaya isolates (23), however, did not react with any of the primers tested. In contrast, RFLP analysis of the amplified ITS region with RsaI, generated distinct patterns that could differentiate between the two species, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum, and showed uniformity among papaya isolates.

BRS Ana: cultivar de batata de duplo propósito

The genotype BRS Ana is a new potato cultivar adequate for French fries, with potential for processing into frozen French fries and flakes, released in 2007. It was developed by the Embrapa Potato Breeding Program (Embrapa Temperate Agriculture, Pelotas-RS; Embrapa Transference of Technology, Office of Canoinhas-SC; and Embrapa Vegetables, Brasilia-DF), based on tuber appearance and yield, specific gravity and French fries quality. Tubers are red-skinned, lightly rough, oval shaped with shallow eyes. The pulp is white. Cultivar BRS Ana has high yield potential. In the subtropical ecosystem, cultivar BRS Ana showed higher yield (31.2 t ha-1) than the most used cultivars in Brazil when grown in autumn, and did not differ from them in the spring. In the tropical ecosystem, under irrigation, BRS Ana did not differ from both control cultivars. It produced higher percentage of marketable tubers (55.6%) and average tuber weight (108.4 g) than the controls in the fall crop of subtropical ecosystem. In both ecosystems, cultivar BRS Ana presented high specific gravity (1.086) and dry matter content (19.7%). The sensorial analysis showed that cultivar BRS Ana is adequate for home made French fries as well as for industrial processing. It is moderately susceptible to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and presents good resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani). The reaction to the tuber soft rot (Pectobacterium sp.) is similar to the most used cultivars. It has low seed degeneration conferred by moderate resistance to PVY and low incidence of PLRV. Susceptibility to tuber physiological disorders has not been observed. It seems that BRS Ana has lower fertilizer and water requirements than the most planted cultivars, meaning reduction of crop cost and risk. In the subtropical ecosystem, tuberization starts later in spring, therefore BRS Ana should be planted earlier in the season.

Chemical and biological treatments of castor bean seeds: effects on germination, emergence and associated microorganisms

The effect of chemical and biological treatments on castor bean emergence, seedling vigor, dry matter production, and also the control of microorganisms associated with seeds of the AL Guarany 2002 and Lyra cultivars, was evaluated. The products tested were carbendazim + thiram, carboxin + thiram and a product based on Trichoderma. Total seed and seedling emergence were evaluated at 27 days after sowing whereas dry matter production was verified for plants removed 45 days after sowing. The Guarany 2002 AL cultivar had a higher incidence of microorganisms than the Lyra cultivar. The chemical treatment was 100% effective in controlling fungi but the biological treatment did not reduce microorganism incidence on the seeds. Chemical treatment resulted in plants with more dry matter and the best results were for carbendazim + thiram and carboxin + thiram at doses of 60 g + 140 g and 50 g + 50 g/100 kg of seeds, respectively. The carbendazim + thiram mixture was the only treatment which was statistically higher for total emergence whereas the biological treatment increased emergence only for the Lyra cultivar, thus demonstrating its lower efficiency. The importance of fungicides to control pathogens associated with seeds was discussed.

TEORES DE NUTRIENTES FOLIARES DE PESSEGUEIRO EM CINCO PORTA-ENXERTOS

Teores de nutrientes foliares indicam o estado nutricional da planta, auxiliam na recomendacao de adubacao e, em plantas frutiferas enxertadas, podem indicar combinacoes de copa/porta-enxerto incompativeis. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os teores de nutrientes foliares na cv. Maciel de pessegueiro, enxertada em cinco porta-enxertos (‘Aldrighi’, ‘Capdeboscq’, ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Nemaguard’ e ‘Okinawa’). Dois pomares experimentais, localizados no municipio de Pelotas-RS, foram avaliados no 2° e no 3° anos apos o plantio, respectivamente, nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Conclui-se que os porta-enxertos ‘Aldrighi’, ‘Capdeboscq’, ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Nemaguard’ e ‘Okinawa’ nao influenciaram nos teores foliares de P e de Mn da cv. Maciel, em ambos os pomares e anos de avaliacao; o porta-enxerto ‘Nemaguard’ reduz os teores foliares de Mg da cv. Maciel, sem alterar a classe de interpretacao agronomica; embora os teores foliares de N, Fe, Zn e B tenham sido abaixo do normal ou insuficientes, em praticamente todas as amostras de ambos os pomares e anos de avaliacao, os porta-enxertos testados nao influenciaram nestas interpretacoes.

Leaf nutrient content on seven plum cultivars with grafted by budding or own-rooted trees.

1Agricultural Engineer Dr., Embrapa Clima Temperado, BR 392, km 78, Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. E-mail: alex.mayer@embrapa.br; bernardo.ueno@embrapa.br; gilberto.nava@embrapa.br 2Environmental management student and scolarship at Embrapa Clima Temperado, BR 392, km 78, Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. E-mail: taina4919@hotmail.com Abstract Several studies have been conducted in Brazil with rooting of plum scion cultivars, however, it is not known the performance and benefits of own-rooted trees at field. This study aimed to evaluate the leaf nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B) in seven Japanese plum cultivars (Prunus salicina) on the 2nd and 3rd year after field planting, whose nursery trees were produced by “T-inverted” budding method over ‘Capdeboscq’ peach (P. persica) or by own-rooted hardwood cuttings. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, factorial 7 x 2 (cultivars x nursery tree types), with five replicates of one tree per plot. We conclude that leaf nutrient content of Japanese plums varies among cultivars; however there is no cultivar that stands out in all macro and micronutrients evaluated. K, Ca and Mn leaf contents, when affected by nursery tree types tested, were always higher in own-rooted trees. However, Mg leaf contents, when affected by nursery tree types tested, were always higher in budded trees on ‘Capdeboscq’ peach. Own-rooted plum trees of ‘Amarelinha’, ‘Blood Plum’, ‘Pluma-7’ and ‘Reubennel’ presented higher Mn leaf contents, in relation to budded trees of these cultivars on ‘Capdeboscq’. Own-rooted ‘Cerejinha’ plum trees have highest K leaf content and also increase the agronomic interpretation class in relation to the budded trees of this cultivar on ‘Capdeboscq’.

C/N RATIO AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN PEACH BARK RELATED TO PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE

A morte precoce do pessegueiro e uma sindrome caracterizada por um colapso das plantas no final do periodo de dormencia, cujas causas envolvem diversos fatores bioticos e abioticos. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a associacao da morte precoce com a relacao carbono/nitrogenio (C/N) e os teores de nutrientes presentes na casca das plantas. Porcoes de tecido vivo foram removidas da casca das pernadas principais das plantas sintomaticas e nas respectivas plantas adjacentes assintomaticas, em nove pomares comerciais localizados nos municipios de Pelotas e Cangucu, no Rio Grande do Sul. Em laboratorio, foram determinados os teores de carbono (C), nitrogenio (N), fosforo (P), potassio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), ferro (Fe), manganes (Mn), zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu), boro (B) e a relacao C/N. Conclui-se que a analise de componentes principais das variaveis estudadas nao possibilitou a formacao de grupos distintos entre plantas sintomaticas e assintomaticas de morte precoce do pessegueiro. Pessegueiros com sintomas visiveis de morte precoce apresentam maiores niveis de N, P e K, e menor relacao C/N na casca das pernadas principais, no periodo de inicio de brotacao.

A MORTE PRECOCE DO PESSEGUEIRO ASSOCIADA À FERTILIDADE DO SOLO

The Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL) is a syndrome characterized by a tree collapse at end of dormancy and its causes involve several biotic and abiotic components. The objective of this research was to study if there was association between PTSL and soil fertility. Rhizosphere samples were collected for chemical analysis from two to eight-years-old symptomatic and asymptomatic trees (paired trees), at nine commercial peach orchards located in Pelotas and Cangucu, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, totaling 108 samples. According to the results, discriminate function for classifying trees into two categories (symptomatic or asymptomatic) did not provide satisfactory results because the misclassification rate exceeded 40%. The analysis of variance showed that there is no significant difference in soil fertility between two groups of trees sampled. Although soil fertility, in most orchards sampled, is below than recommended level for peach, the occurrence of PTSL was not associated with soil chemical properties. The present research suggests that other factors such as soil physical properties and the use of non-selected varietal mixtures of scion cultivars as rootstock, may be involved in PTSL.