Berry Campbell

The Precipitation of Latent Herpes simplex Encephalitis by Anaphylactic Shock.

Summary 1. Evidence that virus disease may develop a latent state is reviewed with an account of the reports of successful activations of latent infections. 2. Nineteen instances of precipitation of latent herpetic infection in rabbits by anaphylactic shock are presented. 3. Recovery of Herpes simplex virus from rabbit central nervous system during periods of (a) quiescence, (b) chronic encephalitis, (c) spontaneous exacerbations, and (d) anaphylactically induced precipitations of encephalitis is reported.

Relationship of bone marrow plasmacytosis to the changes in serum gamma globulin in rheumatic fever

LTHOUGH Swift and his co-workers,’ A among others, long ago pointed out that leukocytosis of the peripheral blood could be used as an index of disease activity in rheumatic fever, little work has been done to define in detail the condition of the hematopoetic tissues in this disease. Neither the commonly occurring anemia2 nor the consistent leukocytosis3 observed in rheumatic fever has provoked quantitative studies of the bone marrow in children with this disease. Eosinophilia of the peripheral blood has been reported to occur frequently in patients with chorea and erythema multiforme but has not been reported in patients with active rheumatic fever. Mild to moderate plasmacytosis of the peripheral blood occurring one to three weeks after the onset of scarlet fever has been described” and it has been shown to be more frequent and quantitatively greater in patients developing “complications” following streptococcal disease than in those escaping sequelae.6 Impressive evidence7-l3 has accumulated indicating that the group A streptococci or their products are somehow involved in the chain of events leading to clinically recognizable rheumatic fever. Studies of the specific antibodies against streptococci and the soluble antigens produced by them,14-18 as well as studies of the serum gamma globulin,” in patients developing rheumatic fever have provided corroborating evidence of the association of streptococcal disease and rheumatic fever. In addition these studies have indicated that the elaboration of antibodies and the release into the blood of significant increments of gamma globulin are often, if not regularly, taking place during the acute exudative phase of this disease. Not infrequently the production of gamma globulin is pronounced. In an attempt to define the characteristics of the bone marrow in rheumatic fever, streptococcal pharyngitis and chorea, as well as to gain evidence on the relationship of the bone marrow alterations to elaboration of antibodies and release of gamma globulin in these diseases, the foilowing studies were carried out.

Early changes induced in purkinje cells of rabbit by single massive doses of roentgen rays.

That nerve tissue is highly resistant to Roentgen radiation is well known through reports in the literature indicating that large repetitive doses will induce pathological changes in the nerve cells both in man 1 and in laboratory animals. 2 , 3 Time correlation of these changes has not been made in most of the reported studies. The present investigations were designed to clarify this matter by utilizing single massive exposures which serve as a starting point in relating histological change with elapsed time. Twenty-five rabbits, 4 to 5 lb in weight, were irradiated in 4 groups of 6 and one singly. With the aid of a special holder, the heads of the animals were held in place in a circle of small radius and simultaneously irradiated. The dosage is listed in Table I. The changes observed in the treated animals were chromatolysis, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, pyknosis, and loss of cells through neuronophagia. The animals killed immediately following irradiation showed marked lysis of the Nissl material of the cells. This chromatolysis is short-lived, being but slight in No. 349 which was killed at 18 hours and not to be noticed at all in the first member of the 1000 r series. Rabbit No. 408, killed immediately after irradiation shows cells which demonstrate not only complete breaking up of the Nissl bodies into a fine lightly staining powder, but also reveal the appearance at the periphery of the cell of a wide margin of clear cytoplasm. Neighboring cells show large clear vacuoles occupying this marginal zone and in some instances replacing entirely the unstained cytoplasm. Further studies on the relationship of the chromatolysis, the appearance of the clear margin of cytoplasm, and the vacuolization are being made. Pyknosis of some cells is seen in the early members of the series and becomes more marked in those killed later. Neuronophagia is not observed where less than 24 hours had elapsed following irradiation. It is severe in all of the later instances.

Potentiating Effect of Anaphylactic and Histamine Shock upon Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Rabbits.

Discussion and Summary Intravenous infection of rabbits with neurotropic herpes simplex virus is only occasionally possible according to Le Févre de Arric and Millet 1 Doerr and Vöctung, 2 and Van Rooyen and Rhodes. 3 This fact is borne out by our control series. The fact that all experimental animals in the series here reported were infected clearly reveals the potentiating effect of histamine shock on susceptibility to the virus. It would seem, from the first animal reported, that the effect is related to a common denominator of histamine and true anaphylactic shock.

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effect of Para-Aminobenzoic Acid and Sodium Salicylate on Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.

Summary and Conclusions 1. Progressive acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was produced in 90% of a group of guinea pigs by the subcutaneous injection of water in oil emulsions of homologous brain tissue plus adjuvants. 2. While prophylaxis and treatment with moderate dosages of either para-aminobenzoic acid or sodium salicylate alone provided no protection of guinea pigs against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the use of larger dosages of salicylate as well as combined salicylate and para-aminobenzoic acid therapy were effective in preventing this disease. 3. Effective prophylaxis was demonstrated only when the medication was started before or shortly after the sensitizing injection of brain tissue was given. 4. No therapeutic effect of sodium salicylate alone or combination of para-aminobenzoic acid with sodium salicylate could be shown.

Effects of benadryl on anaphylactic and histamine shock in rabbits and guinea pigs.

Summary 1. Benadryl offers effective protection against histamine shock in rabbits. 2. Benadryl did not protect against anaphylactic shock in rabbits sensitized to egg white. 3. Benadryl did not protect guinea pigs actively sensitized to egg white against anaphylaxis induced by intraperitoneal administration of the antigen under the dosage conditions employed.

Effects of Beta Rays on Central Nervous Tissues

Summary 1. The application of small, high-energy, applicators of radium emanation to the cerebral cortex of cats produces restricted lesions in which progressive changes of the cells of that tissue may be followed from normal appearing tissue to that showing complete necrosis over a distance of several millimeters. 2. Nerve cells so affected show two types of destruction. One involves lysis of the cytoplasmic structures and degeneration of the nucleus into a small aggregation of basophilic granules. The other consists of chro-mophilic alteration of the cells. The pyramidal cells of layers 2, 3, and 5 seem especially susceptible to this change. The cells become shrunken, extremely heavy staining, and show hypertrophy of the nucleolus. 3. The astrocytes are the most susceptible of the various cells of the cerebral cortex. They undergo lysis in the middle zones of the lesions. 4. The mesoglial cells, oligodendroglia and microglia, are highly resistant. They show progressive changes, from the edge to the center of the lesions, which by convergence, make the two types indistinguishable. The product of these changes is a plasma-cell like structure which shows no phagocytic activity.

Neural Mechanisms in Sexual Behavior. I. Reflexology of Sacral Segments of Cat

Summary Activation of the third sacral and first caudal segment of the spinal cord evokes a segmental response on the ventral root resembling the cutaneous component of the segmental reflex of the more cranial parts of the spinal cord. A proprioceptive spike is absent in S3, present in Ca1. In each of these segments, there is a crossed reflex return resembling the cutaneous component and frequently somewhat later and smaller than the ipsilateral response. Stimulation of the penis or of the vulvar vestibule elicits the same response, though without the proprioceptive spike in the Ca1 ventral root. Spinal transaction in the lower thoracic region does not alter these reflexes under the experimental conditions.

Ascending sensory pathways from the genitalia of the cat

Abstract Ascending sensory pathways from the genitalia in the spinal cord and brain stem were followed in cats, using single shock stimuli. Animals were anesthetized with Dial or Nembutal. Tract and nuclear potentials were studied with cathoderay oscillography. Compared with ascending pathways from the tibial nerve, the spinal tracts, including dorsal column, ipsilateral column (presumably Flechsigs tract), and the contralateral column (spinothalamic tract) from the pudendal nerve field showed conduction patterns which were slower, less in amplitude, and of less abrupt rising phase. A correlation of the speed of conduction of the secondary fibers in the spinal cord with that of the corresponding primary peripheral nerves is detected. Signal from the rapidly conducting fibers of the tibial nerve is transferred to spinal ascending fibers of rapid conduction velocity, while signal from the more slowly conducting pudendal nerve fibers ascends the spinal cord more slowly.

Mucolytic Enzyme Systems. V. Anaphylactic Effects on Hydumnidase Inhibitor in Serum of Normal and Herpetic Rabbits.

Summary Hyaluronidase inhibitor in the blood serum of the rabbit was found to undergo no consistent change in concentration as the result of anaphylaxis induced by egg white. An elevation of the inhibitor level was observed during the acute phase of infection by Herpes simplex virus administered via the corneal route. Anaphylactic shock in rabbits which had recovered from the herpetic infection, administered via the leg route, resulted in elevated inhibitor values which were correlated with the severity of the disease thus precipitated from the latent state by the shock.