Bibin B. Andriana

Disappearance of Vimentin in Sertoli Cells: A Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Effect

The effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on 21-day-old C57Bl/6N mice and their Sertoli cell cultures were studied. Mice were given a single dose of 800 mg/kg MEHP by oral gavage and sacrificed 24 h later. At the same time, testes were harvested from another batch of mice for Sertoli cell cultures. Cultures were subsequently exposed to 0, 1, and 100 nmol/ml MEHP for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. An antivimentin antibody was used to detect intermediate filament changes in Sertoli cells. Meanwhile, detection of preapoptotic signals and presence of apoptotic cells were done using annexin V–FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) and TUNEL (deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) analyses, respectively. In vivo results showed a correlation between the increase in TUNEL-positive cells and the vimentin disruption in treated mice. Toluidine blue staining of the Sertoli cell cultures showed the increased number and size of vacuoles in Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Vimentin immunohistochemistry showed gradual disappearance of vimentin in Sertoli cell cultures as time and dose increased. Some Sertoli cells were found to be annexin V–FITC positive, but no TUNEL-positive cells were found. Taken together, these results show that the appearance of vacuoles and the vimentin disappearance caused by MEHP in the Sertoli cells are related with each other and can be observed in relation to time. This can be used as an indicator of the loss of mechanical support for spermatogenic cells, which in the end causes apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP) Induces Spermatogenic Cell Apoptosis in Guinea Pig Testes at Prepubertal Stage In Vitro

The effects of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), an active metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), on prepubertal guinea pig testes in vitro were investigated. The testes of 35-day-old guinea pigs were surgically excised. They were seeded in a defined medium containing antibiotics and administered MEHP at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 nmol/ml, respectively. The control groups were administered a similar volume of corn oil vehicle. The tissues were incubated for 3, 6, and 9 h. The specimens were collected at 3, 6, and 9 h after treatment. They were fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde or 5% glutaraldehyde. For quantitation of the apoptotic spermatogenic cells, the terminal dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed by light microscopy. Detachment and displacement of spermatogenic cells, thin seminiferous epithelia, and Sertoli cell vacuolization were observed. Maximal testicular damage was recognized at 100 nmol/ml 9 h after MEHP treatment. The percentage (%) of apoptotic spermatogenic cells significantly increased at 3, 6, and 9 h after treatment, compared to the control groups. Because the loss of spermatogenic cells by MEHP treatment varies among species, the present study, using guinea pigs, was designed and conducted to obtain further information.

Noninvasive and label-free determination of virus infected cells by Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract. The present study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the detection of virus-infected cells. Adenovirus infection of human embryonic kidney 293 cells was successfully detected at 12, 24, and 48 h after initiating the infection. The score plot of principal component analysis discriminated the spectra of the infected cells from those of the control cells. The viral infection was confirmed by the conventional immunostaining method performed 24 h after the infection. The newly developed method provides a fast and label-free means for the detection of virus-infected cells.

Peculiar Bundles of Filaments in Leydig Cells of the Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus javanicus): an Ultrastructural Study

Leydig cells of lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) testes were observed using light and transmission electron microscopies. Sexually mature lesser mouse deer were obtained in East Malaysia. The testes were perfused with 5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed with 1% OsO4, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Araldite. The semithin sections were cut, stained with toluidine blue and observed under light microscopy. The ultrathin sections were cut, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined using a JEM‐1200 transmission electron microscope. As a result, two types of filament bundles were frequently recognized in Leydig cells, but not in other testicular cells. These bundles were clearly seen at even a light microscopic level. One type was bundles of actin filaments (approximately 5 nm in diameter). These structures were found not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. The other type was bundles of intermediate filaments (approximately 10 nm in diameter). These structures were found only in the cytoplasm. The existence of filament bundles has never been reported in the testicular cells of another mammalian species. Thus, while bundles of actin and intermediate filaments are specifically present in the Leydig cells of the lesser mouse deer, their functions are still unclear.

Non-invasive Quantitative Analysis of Specific Fat Accumulation in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues using Raman Spectroscopy

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and fat beneath the dermis layer were investigated using a ball lens top hollow optical fiber Raman probe (BHRP). Hamsters were fed with trilinolein (TL) and tricaprin (TC) for six weeks and measurements were carried out every two weeks. The BHRP with an 800 μm diameter fused-silica ball lens was able to obtain information on the subcutaneous fat in a totally non-invasive manner. Changes in the concentration of TL and TC during the treatment were analyzed, and the relationship between fat accumulation and dietary fat was studied. It was found that SAT had, in general, a higher degree of unsaturation than VAT. The accumulation rate of TC found in SAT and VAT was 0.52 ± 0.38 and 0.58 ± 0.4%, respectively, while the TL accumulation rate was 4.45 ± 1.6 and 4.37 ± 2.4%, respectively. The results suggest different metabolic pathways for TC, a typical medium-chain fatty acid, and TL, a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid. Raman subsurface spectra were successfully obtained and used to analyze the subcutaneous fat layer. The accumulation rates of TL and TC found in skin fat were 5.01 ± 3.53% and 0.45 ± 0.36%, respectively. The results demonstrate the high feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive analysis of adipose tissue.

An optical biopsy system with miniaturized Raman and spectral imaging probes: in vivo animal and ex vivo clinical application studies

An optical biopsy system which equips miniaturized Raman probes, a miniaturized endoscope and a fluorescent image probe has been developed for in vivo studies of live experimental animals. The present report describes basic optical properties of the system and its application studies for in vivo cancer model animals and ex vivo human cancer tissues. It was developed two types of miniaturized Raman probes, micro Raman probe (MRP) made of optical fibers and ball lens hollow optical fiber Raman probe (BHRP) made of single hollow optical fiber (HOF) with a ball lens. The former has rather large working distance (WD), up to one millimeter. The latter has small WD (~300μm) which depends on the focal length of the ball lens. Use of multiple probes with different WD allows one to obtain detailed information of subsurface tissues in the totally noninvasive manner. The probe is enough narrow to be inserted into a biopsy needle (~19G), for observations of the lesion at deeper inside bodies. The miniaturized endoscope has been applied to observe progression of a stomach cancer in the same rat lesion. It was succeeded to visualize structure of non-stained cancer tissue in live model animals by the fluorescent image technique. The system was also applied to ex vivo studies of human breast and stomach cancers.

Study of virus by Raman spectroscopy

Problem of viruses is very actual for nowadays. Some viruses, which are responsible for human of all tumors, are about 15 %. Main purposes this study, early detection virus in live cell without labeling and in the real time by Raman spectroscopy. Micro Raman spectroscopy (mRs) is a technique that uses a Raman spectrometer to measure the spectra of microscopic samples. According to the Raman spectroscopy, it becomes possible to study the metabolites of a live cultured cell without labeling. We used mRs to detect the virus via HEK 293 cell line-infected adenovirus. We obtained raman specters of lives cells with viruses in 24 hours and 7 days after the infection. As the result, there is some biochemical changing after the treatment of cell with virus. One of biochemical alteration is at 1081 cm-1. For the clarification result, we use confocal fluorescent microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Bisphenol A‐induced morphological alterations in Sertoli and spermatogenic cells of immature Shiba goats in vitro: An ultrastructural study

Background and aimsThere is no information currently available regarding the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on testes in ruminants. Therefore, to establish and clarify the effects of BPA in ruminants, testicular tissue cultures were obtained from immature Shiba goats.MethodsThe testes of 2-month-old Shiba goats were cut into smaller pieces and seeded in medium. At 1, 3, 6 and 9 h after administration of various concentrations of BPA, the specimens underwent light and transmission electron microscopic observationsResultsAt 1 h after BPA treatment, vacuolization and nuclear membrane rupture appeared within the nudeoplasm and cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. Such alterations tended to gradually increase in number in time- and dose-dependent manners. Thus, because of BPA treatment, apoptotic spermatogenic cells, necrotic spermatogenic cells, apoptotic Sertoli cells and necrotic Sertoli cells could be identified. Particularly in the Sertoli cell, ruptured vesicles could be found within the multivesicular nuclear body.ConclusionThe treatment with BPA at a low concentration tends to lead spermatogenic and Sertoli cells to apoptosis, whereas a higher concentration tends to lead spermatogenic and Sertoli cells to necrosis. Therefore, this study showed that testicular tissue culture is an advantageous avenue for screening the testicular toxicity of chemicals in ruminants.

Development of Quantitative Analysis Techniques for Saccharification Reactions Using Raman Spectroscopy

A technique for the analysis of saccharification reactions by a specific enzyme was developed on the basis of Raman spectroscopy using multivariate analysis. It is a microvolume, quantitative, and in situ technique, which can be used for studying saccharification processes in plant tissues. Prediction models for quantitative analysis of maltose, glucose, and starch were built with partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis to monitor the saccharification process caused by α-amylase. We examined the reliability of the prediction models built using seven test samples. The spectral regions used to build the models were optimized for each sugar and were selected in such a manner that they did not overlap with strong protein and lipid bands that generally exist in plant tissues. The models were validated by monitoring the composition of reduced sugars and starch in a reactor and by comparing the results with those obtained by a conventional method. The results of Raman analysis and the conventional method showed good agreement for the reaction with α-amylase; however, it is not perfect for reactions with a different enzyme, especially β-amylase. The results suggest that the present Raman technique is reliable and useful for sugar analysis. However, the prediction model built for a specific enzyme is valid only for that enzyme.

Verifying of endocrine disruptor chemical affect to the mouse testes: can raman spectroscopy support histology study?

One of suspect environmental endocrine disruptors that affect mouse male reproduction by altering the morphology of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells is phthalate. The effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), one of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate , on immature mouse testes in vivo were examined. We have recently shown that MEHP induced Sertoli cells necrosis and spermatogenic cells apoptosis in mice by TUNEL method, F-actin staining, and ultrastructural study, but there is no data for biochemical changing of testes due to those methods could not explore. To verify in detail of it, we conducted Raman spectroscopy study with 785 nm wavelength laser line, 50mW of laser power and 3 minutes of exposure time to analysis the MEHP-treated testicular tissue, which has been fixatived by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Five weeks old (5 w.o) male mice were used in this experiment. As the results, the alterations were observed by Raman spectroscopy that there are significantly differences of DNA, actin filament, type IV collagen and amide I between control group (0 μM MEHP) and treatment group (100 μM MEHP). These results significantly support histology staining observation (such as the apoptotic spermatogenic cells which is associated with DNA fragmentation and F-actin disruption) and ultrastructural observation (such as mitochondria rupture and disintegration of nucleus membrane). Raman spectroscopy can be used for 4% PFA-fixatived tissue observation. However, we recommend that Raman spectroscopy may be able to be expanded as an armamentarium not just for the clarification of histology staining and ultrastructural study, but furthermore, it may be as a non-invasion assessment for screening animal tissue toxicity of chemical in future.