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Hno | 2006

Zur auditiven Bewertung der Stimmqualität

M. Ptok; C. Schwemmle; C. Iven; M. Jessen; T. Nawka

ZusammenfassungHintergrundIn der phoniatrischen Praxis wird bei Dysphoniepatienten routinemäßig auditiv die Heiserkeit bewertet. In Deutschland hat sich hierfür die RBH-Skala etabliert, nach der in einem vierstufigen System die Rauigkeit R, die Behauchtheit B und die Heiserkeit H beurteilt wird. Obwohl diese Skala verbreitet ist, gibt es wenige Daten zur Reliabilität der auditiven Bewertung der Sprechstimme beim Lesen des Textes „Der Nordwind und die Sonne“, der mittlerweile als Standard in der phoniatrischen Praxis gilt.Material und Methoden78 Patienten lasen den phonetisch ausbalancierten Text „Der Nordwind und die Sonne“. Die Stimmqualität der Sprechstimme wurde in Anlehnung an die RBH-Methode von 19 Studenten des Studienganges Logopädie beurteilt. Für diese Beurteilungen wurde die Interrater-Reliabilität bestimmt.ErgebnisseDie Berechnungen ergaben eine sehr hohe Interrater-Reliabilität mit Cronbach-α von 0,94, die Gesamt-Item-Statistik zeigte, dass es bei den Bewertungen keine „Ausreißer“ gab.DiskussionDie hier erarbeiteten Daten lassen keine Aussage zur Validität bzw. der Intrarater-Reliabilität der RBH-Methode zu, da lediglich die Interrater-Reliabilität untersucht wurde. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen aber die wenigen bisher vorhandenen Angaben in der Literatur, dass die RBH-Skala gut für die auditive Einschätzung der Stimmqualität geeignet ist. Deshalb sollte, auch zur Qualitätssicherung, diese Bewertung bei allen Stimmpatienten vorgenommen werden.AbstractBackgroundFor routine clinical purposes, dysphonic voices are assessed perceptually using the GRBAS scale or analogues. For clinical application, the crucial question is the interrater reliability (IRR) of the auditory perceptual assessment of voice quality. Therefore, the IRR of the four point RBH (roughness, breathiness, hoarseness vs overall grade) scale was studied. Other parameters, e.g. validity and intrarater reliability were not considered.MethodsA total of 78 patients read a standard text “Der Nordwind und die Sonne”. These samples were evaluated by 19 speech and voice therapy students according to the degree of roughness, breathiness and hoarseness. Data were subjected to reliability analysis.ResultsOur data indicate a high IRR with a Cronbach’s α of 0.94. No single rating of the 19 raters could be omitted without decreasing the IRR.DiscussionThe data indicate that the perceptual assessment of hoarseness for running speech is highly reliable. The application of the RBH scale is suitable for clinical purposes. It should be considered as an outcome measure.


Hno | 2006

On the auditory evaluation of voice quality

M. Ptok; C. Schwemmle; C. Iven; M. Jessen; T. Nawka

ZusammenfassungHintergrundIn der phoniatrischen Praxis wird bei Dysphoniepatienten routinemäßig auditiv die Heiserkeit bewertet. In Deutschland hat sich hierfür die RBH-Skala etabliert, nach der in einem vierstufigen System die Rauigkeit R, die Behauchtheit B und die Heiserkeit H beurteilt wird. Obwohl diese Skala verbreitet ist, gibt es wenige Daten zur Reliabilität der auditiven Bewertung der Sprechstimme beim Lesen des Textes „Der Nordwind und die Sonne“, der mittlerweile als Standard in der phoniatrischen Praxis gilt.Material und Methoden78 Patienten lasen den phonetisch ausbalancierten Text „Der Nordwind und die Sonne“. Die Stimmqualität der Sprechstimme wurde in Anlehnung an die RBH-Methode von 19 Studenten des Studienganges Logopädie beurteilt. Für diese Beurteilungen wurde die Interrater-Reliabilität bestimmt.ErgebnisseDie Berechnungen ergaben eine sehr hohe Interrater-Reliabilität mit Cronbach-α von 0,94, die Gesamt-Item-Statistik zeigte, dass es bei den Bewertungen keine „Ausreißer“ gab.DiskussionDie hier erarbeiteten Daten lassen keine Aussage zur Validität bzw. der Intrarater-Reliabilität der RBH-Methode zu, da lediglich die Interrater-Reliabilität untersucht wurde. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen aber die wenigen bisher vorhandenen Angaben in der Literatur, dass die RBH-Skala gut für die auditive Einschätzung der Stimmqualität geeignet ist. Deshalb sollte, auch zur Qualitätssicherung, diese Bewertung bei allen Stimmpatienten vorgenommen werden.AbstractBackgroundFor routine clinical purposes, dysphonic voices are assessed perceptually using the GRBAS scale or analogues. For clinical application, the crucial question is the interrater reliability (IRR) of the auditory perceptual assessment of voice quality. Therefore, the IRR of the four point RBH (roughness, breathiness, hoarseness vs overall grade) scale was studied. Other parameters, e.g. validity and intrarater reliability were not considered.MethodsA total of 78 patients read a standard text “Der Nordwind und die Sonne”. These samples were evaluated by 19 speech and voice therapy students according to the degree of roughness, breathiness and hoarseness. Data were subjected to reliability analysis.ResultsOur data indicate a high IRR with a Cronbach’s α of 0.94. No single rating of the 19 raters could be omitted without decreasing the IRR.DiscussionThe data indicate that the perceptual assessment of hoarseness for running speech is highly reliable. The application of the RBH scale is suitable for clinical purposes. It should be considered as an outcome measure.


Hno | 2014

Schlucken und Schluckstörungen im Alter

M. Jungheim; C. Schwemmle; S. Miller; D. Kühn; M. Ptok

ZusammenfassungIn jedem Lebensalter kann es vorkommen, dass der Schluckvorgang nicht regelrecht abläuft und es zum Verschlucken kommt. Das Risiko einer Schluckstörung steigt allerdings mit höherem Alter. Dies liegt neben der erhöhten Inzidenz von Erkrankungen, die mit einem Dysphagierisiko einhergehen, auch an altersbedingten Veränderungen der Schluckorgane und -funktionen. Vom Alterungsprozess sind alle am Schluckvorgang beteiligten anatomischen Strukturen betroffen. Störungen können somit in der oralen, pharyngealen und/oder ösophagealen Schluckphase auftreten. Zu den wesentlichen Veränderungen gehören Einschränkungen der Kaufunktion, eine verzögerte Schluckreflextriggerung, eine Erweiterung der Pharynxstrukturen, eine verlängerte pharyngeale Propulsion, ein Sensibilitätsverlust im Pharynx, eine rigidere Ösophaguswand und eine reduzierte ösophageale Kontraktionskraft. Rein altersbedingte Veränderungen des Schluckens werden als Presbyphagie bezeichnet. Sind diese Veränderungen so gravierend, dass sie nicht mehr kompensiert werden können, spricht man von einer Presbydysphagie. Für die Diagnostik und Therapieplanung ist es wichtig, presbyphagische und presbydysphagische Veränderung sicher einzuordnen und von altersunabhängigen Dysphagieursachen abzugrenzen.AbstractDisturbances of the swallowing process can occur at any age and might lead to choking. However, the risk of dysphagia increases with advanced age. This is not only due to a higher incidence of diseases that cause dysphagia, but also to age-related changes in the mechanisms of swallowing. Aging affects all of the anatomic structures involved in the swallowing process. Important changes include limitations to mastication, delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex, expansion of pharyngeal structures, prolonged pharyngeal propulsion, loss of pharyngeal sensitivity, increased rigidity of the esophageal wall and reduced esophageal contractility. Changes in swallowing function caused by aging alone are termed presbyphagia. If these changes are so severe that their compensation is no longer possible, presbydysphagia occurs. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes it is mandatory to evaluate presbyphagic and presbydysphagic changes in the swallowing process, and to distinguish these from other non-age-related causes of dysphagia.Disturbances of the swallowing process can occur at any age and might lead to choking. However, the risk of dysphagia increases with advanced age. This is not only due to a higher incidence of diseases that cause dysphagia, but also to age-related changes in the mechanisms of swallowing. Aging affects all of the anatomic structures involved in the swallowing process. Important changes include limitations to mastication, delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex, expansion of pharyngeal structures, prolonged pharyngeal propulsion, loss of pharyngeal sensitivity, increased rigidity of the esophageal wall and reduced esophageal contractility. Changes in swallowing function caused by aging alone are termed presbyphagia. If these changes are so severe that their compensation is no longer possible, presbydysphagia occurs. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes it is mandatory to evaluate presbyphagic and presbydysphagic changes in the swallowing process, and to distinguish these from other non-age-related causes of dysphagia.


Rheumatology International | 2013

Bamboo nodes associated with mixed connective tissue disease as a cause of hoarseness

C. Schwemmle; Hans-Heinrich Kreipe; Torsten Witte; Martin Ptok

Vocal fold lesions related to autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid nodules and, to a lesser extent, bamboo nodes. Mostly transverse, they are located in the middle third of the vocal cord and exhibit a yellowish appearance. The characteristic shape of these lesions led to their name. These vocal fold deposits may interfere with the normal vibratory cycle during phonation and thus may be an unusual cause of hoarseness. We present a 43-year-old woman with known mixed connective tissue disease and a dysphonia. Laryngostroboscopy showed bamboo nodes as described above. We applied several laryngeal injections of cortisone as described previously in the literature. Since this treatment did not lead to a sufficient voice improvement, we attempted to surgically remove the deposits. After the surgery, the voice improved considerably. In all patients with rheumatic diseases who suffer from a rough, breathy, or unstable voice, a laryngostroboscopic examination should be done. If, however, a bamboo node lesion of the vocal folds is found by the laryngologists, an associated autoimmune disorder must be assumed, and adequate diagnostic procedures have to be initiated. Local laryngeal injections (1–3 times) with steroids should be the first line of therapy. In unsuccessful cases, subsequent surgery can be a useful treatment of bamboo nodes to stabilize and improve voice quality.


Hno | 2015

[Medication-induced dysphagia : A review].

C. Schwemmle; M. Jungheim; S. Miller; D. Kühn; M. Ptok

ZusammenfassungDas Schlucken als hochdifferenzierter physiologischer Vorgang kann durch viele Faktoren beeinträchtigt werden. Vorrangig beschrieben sind Schluckstörungen durch anatomisch-mechanische Ursachen, Operationen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich bei Tumoren, Schilddrüsenveränderungen und neuromuskulären Veränderungen. Die mit dem Alter gehäuft auftretenden zerebral-neurologischen und gefäßbedingten Veränderungen können ebenfalls eine Dysphagie (sog. Presbydysphagie) auslösen oder verstärken.Deutlich seltener werden medikamentenassoziierte Schluckstörungen erkannt, nicht hinreichend beachtet oder stillschweigend akzeptiert, insbesondere wenn sie bei älteren Patienten auftreten. Außerdem wird die pharmakologische Interferenz verschiedener Medikamente insbesondere bei multipler Medikation häufig nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt.Die Therapie beinhaltet zuerst die kritische Hinterfragung der aktuellen Medikation mit dem Ziel der Reduktion/des Absetzens der auslösenden Medikamente, präzise Anweisungen bezüglich der Medikamenteneinnahme, eine antazide Medikation und Diät neben einem professionellen oralen Stimulations- oder Phagietraining.Bis heute sind medikamenteninduzierte Schluckbeschwerden nicht im Fokus von Ärzten und Therapeuten, obwohl viele Wirkstoffe eine negative Auswirkung auf das Schlucken haben können und speziell im höheren Alter eine medikamentenassoziierte Dysphagie durch eine multiple Medikation nicht selten ist. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht der verschiedenen Medikamentenklassen bezüglich ihrer negativen indirekten oder direkten Wirkung auf die Schluckfunktion.AbstractAs a highly differentiated physiological process, swallowing may be affected by a variety of confounding factors. Primarily described are swallowing disorders caused by mechanical anatomic changes (e. g., alteration of the cervical spine, goiter), surgery for head and neck tumors, thyroid abnormalities, and neuromuscular disorders. Age-related cerebral neurological and blood vessel-associated changes can also cause dysphagia (so-called presbyphagia) or worsen the condition.Medication-associated dysphagia is recognized far less frequently, not paid due attention, or accepted in silence; particularly in older patients. Furthermore, pharmacological interference of different medications is frequently inadequately considered, particularly in the case of polypharmacy.Initial treatment of medication-induced dysphagia includes a critical review of medication status, with the aim of reducing/discontinuing the causative medication by giving precise instructions regarding its administration; as well as antacid medication, diet, and professional oral stimulation or swallowing training.To date, medication-induced dysphagia has not occupied the focus of physicians and therapists. This is despite the fact that many active agents can have a negative effect on swallowing and medication-induced dysphagia caused by polypharmacy is not uncommon, particularly in old age. This article presents an overview of the different classes of drugs in terms of their direct or indirect negative effects on the swallowing function.As a highly differentiated physiological process, swallowing may be affected by a variety of confounding factors. Primarily described are swallowing disorders caused by mechanical anatomic changes (e. g., alteration of the cervical spine, goiter), surgery for head and neck tumors, thyroid abnormalities, and neuromuscular disorders. Age-related cerebral neurological and blood vessel-associated changes can also cause dysphagia (so-called presbyphagia) or worsen the condition.Medication-associated dysphagia is recognized far less frequently, not paid due attention, or accepted in silence; particularly in older patients. Furthermore, pharmacological interference of different medications is frequently inadequately considered, particularly in the case of polypharmacy.Initial treatment of medication-induced dysphagia includes a critical review of medication status, with the aim of reducing/discontinuing the causative medication by giving precise instructions regarding its administration; as well as antacid medication, diet, and professional oral stimulation or swallowing training.To date, medication-induced dysphagia has not occupied the focus of physicians and therapists. This is despite the fact that many active agents can have a negative effect on swallowing and medication-induced dysphagia caused by polypharmacy is not uncommon, particularly in old age. This article presents an overview of the different classes of drugs in terms of their direct or indirect negative effects on the swallowing function.


Hno | 2008

Autism spectrum disorders. Current knowledge and importance for ENT specialists

C. Schwemmle; U. Schwemmle; M. Ptok

Autism is a behavioural syndrome, present from early life and defined by deficient social interaction, language and communication, and play. Variations in symptomatology and in prognosis among characteristic persons display a variety of other signs such as attention deficits, mental retardation and seizures that are not specific to autism and that denote dysfunction in other brain systems. Its aetiology is unknown in the vast majority of cases. There is a small minority of persons in whom autism has a known aetiology, such as fragile X chromosome abnormality, congenital rubella, tuberous sclerosis and a variety of structural abnormalities and metabolic diseases of the brain. A causal treatment is so far not possible, and there remains a regrettable lack of evaluated treatment standards. Prognosis depends on many factors, most notably the limiting factor provided by the severity of the underlying brain dysfunction and its consequences for communication, cognition and other behaviour. ENT specialists are confronted with children, adolescents and even adults in whom autistic disease has already been diagnosed in the course of investigations/treatment. If the suspicion of hearing impairment as the cause of problems in daily life is not confirmed in a patient not hitherto known to have autism ENT specialists should also consider autism in the differential diagnosis. In this report the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies currently applied for autism and its importance for ENT specialists are presented.ZusammenfassungAutismus ist eine angeborene und/oder früh im Kindesalter manifeste tiefgreifende Entwicklungsstörung, für deren Erkennung der Ausschluss einer relevanten Hörstörung eine große Bedeutung hat. Autistische Kinder zeigen ein charakteristisches Muster von sozialen, kommunikativen und stereotypen, repetitiven Verhaltensweisen. Die Störung persistiert ins hohe Erwachsenenalter, eine kausale Behandlung ist bis heute nicht möglich. Frühkindlicher und atypischer Autismus gehen mit schwerer sprachlicher und nonverbaler Kommunikationsstörung neben Verhaltensstereotypien und Veränderungsangst einher; häufig besteht eine geistige Behinderung. Bei Kindern mit einem Asperger-Syndrom ist eine Spracherwerbsstörung nicht typisch. Wenn sich eine Hörstörung als Ursache von Kommunikations- respektive Sprachentwicklungsproblemen speziell bei Klein- und Kleinstkindern nicht bestätigt und außerdem durch reine Entwicklungsverzögerung nicht erklärliche Verhaltenspathologika beschrieben werden, sollten HNO-Ärzte differenzialdiagnostisch an eine autistische Störung denken. Dieser Beitrag stellt die aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie vor.AbstractAutism is a behavioural syndrome, present from early life and defined by deficient social interaction, language and communication, and play. Variations in symptomatology and in prognosis among characteristic persons display a variety of other signs such as attention deficits, mental retardation and seizures that are not specific to autism and that denote dysfunction in other brain systems. Its aetiology is unknown in the vast majority of cases. There is a small minority of persons in whom autism has a known aetiology, such as fragile X chromosome abnormality, congenital rubella, tuberous sclerosis and a variety of structural abnormalities and metabolic diseases of the brain. A causal treatment is so far not possible, and there remains a regrettable lack of evaluated treatment standards. Prognosis depends on many factors, most notably the limiting factor provided by the severity of the underlying brain dysfunction and its consequences for communication, cognition and other behaviour. ENT specialists are confronted with children, adolescents and even adults in whom autistic disease has already been diagnosed in the course of investigations/treatment. If the suspicion of hearing impairment as the cause of problems in daily life is not confirmed in a patient not hitherto known to have autism ENT specialists should also consider autism in the differential diagnosis. In this report the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies currently applied for autism and its importance for ENT specialists are presented.


International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology | 2014

A boy with mild mental retardation, mild sensorineural hearing loss and mild facial dysmorphism caused by a 19p13.2 deletion: A case report and review of the literature

C. Schwemmle; Imma Rost; Stephanie Spranger; Michael Jungheim; Martin Ptok

The investigation of patients with congenital anomalies and/or intellectual disability with modern genetic methods allows the recognition of an increasing number of cases with these chromosomal rearrangements. Here, we present a mildly mentally retarded boy with mild facial dysmorphism, language development delay, mild sensorineural hearing loss due to a deletion of 1,14 Mb on chromosome 19p 13.2. The deletion was de novo and familial history negative for this disorder. To our knowledge this is the first description of a patient with symptoms mentioned above associated with a 19p13.2-p13.2 deletion.


Hno | 2014

Physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter

M. Jungheim; S. Miller; D. Kühn; C. Schwemmle; J.P. Schneider; Matthias Ochs; M. Ptok

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) forms a barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus. When opened, the UES allows the food bolus to pass into the esophagus, as well as permitting emesis and eructation. The basal sphincter tone constitutes a barrier function which serves to prevent reflux and passive aerophagia in the case of deep breathing. Basal sphincter tone is dependent on several influencing factors; during swallowing, sphincter opening and closure follow a complex multiphase pattern. This article presents an overview of the current understanding of UES physiology.ZusammenfassungIm pharyngoösophagealen Abschnitt dient der obere Ösophagussphinkter (oÖS) als Verschluss zwischen Pharynx und Ösophagus. Bei Öffnung ermöglicht er die Speiseboluspassage in den Ösophagus sowie auch die Emesis und Eruktation. In Ruhe übt der oÖS einen permanenten Tonus aus und dient damit als Barriere zur Refluxvermeidung und zur Verhinderung einer passiven Aerophagie bei tiefer Atmung. Der Ruhetonus des oÖS ist von mehreren Einflussfaktoren abhängig, während des Schluckvorgangs zeigt der Sphinkter einen mehrphasigen komplexen Öffnungs- und Schließungsvorgang. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Wissensstand zur Physiologie des oÖS.AbstractThe upper esophageal sphincter (UES) forms a barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus. When opened, the UES allows the food bolus to pass into the esophagus, as well as permitting emesis and eructation. The basal sphincter tone constitutes a barrier function which serves to prevent reflux and passive aerophagia in the case of deep breathing. Basal sphincter tone is dependent on several influencing factors; during swallowing, sphincter opening and closure follow a complex multiphase pattern. This article presents an overview of the current understanding of UES physiology.


Hno | 2014

Anatomy of the upper esophageal sphincter

M. Jungheim; S. Miller; D. Kühn; C. Schwemmle; J.P. Schneider; Matthias Ochs; M. Ptok

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) forms a barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus. When closed, the barrier function serves to prevent reflux and aerophagia; when open, swallowing, belching and vomiting are possible. The closing muscles include caudal parts of the inferior pharyngeal sphincter and cranial parts of the upper esophagus musculature. Sphincter opening is achieved by muscles that insert from the outside to connect to the larynx and pharynx in the sphincter region. The closing muscles are innervated by branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, and central control is probably mediated by several reflexes. This article presents an overview of the current understanding of the complex UES anatomy.


Hno | 2014

Swallowing and dysphagia in the elderly

M. Jungheim; C. Schwemmle; S. Miller; D. Kühn; M. Ptok

ZusammenfassungIn jedem Lebensalter kann es vorkommen, dass der Schluckvorgang nicht regelrecht abläuft und es zum Verschlucken kommt. Das Risiko einer Schluckstörung steigt allerdings mit höherem Alter. Dies liegt neben der erhöhten Inzidenz von Erkrankungen, die mit einem Dysphagierisiko einhergehen, auch an altersbedingten Veränderungen der Schluckorgane und -funktionen. Vom Alterungsprozess sind alle am Schluckvorgang beteiligten anatomischen Strukturen betroffen. Störungen können somit in der oralen, pharyngealen und/oder ösophagealen Schluckphase auftreten. Zu den wesentlichen Veränderungen gehören Einschränkungen der Kaufunktion, eine verzögerte Schluckreflextriggerung, eine Erweiterung der Pharynxstrukturen, eine verlängerte pharyngeale Propulsion, ein Sensibilitätsverlust im Pharynx, eine rigidere Ösophaguswand und eine reduzierte ösophageale Kontraktionskraft. Rein altersbedingte Veränderungen des Schluckens werden als Presbyphagie bezeichnet. Sind diese Veränderungen so gravierend, dass sie nicht mehr kompensiert werden können, spricht man von einer Presbydysphagie. Für die Diagnostik und Therapieplanung ist es wichtig, presbyphagische und presbydysphagische Veränderung sicher einzuordnen und von altersunabhängigen Dysphagieursachen abzugrenzen.AbstractDisturbances of the swallowing process can occur at any age and might lead to choking. However, the risk of dysphagia increases with advanced age. This is not only due to a higher incidence of diseases that cause dysphagia, but also to age-related changes in the mechanisms of swallowing. Aging affects all of the anatomic structures involved in the swallowing process. Important changes include limitations to mastication, delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex, expansion of pharyngeal structures, prolonged pharyngeal propulsion, loss of pharyngeal sensitivity, increased rigidity of the esophageal wall and reduced esophageal contractility. Changes in swallowing function caused by aging alone are termed presbyphagia. If these changes are so severe that their compensation is no longer possible, presbydysphagia occurs. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes it is mandatory to evaluate presbyphagic and presbydysphagic changes in the swallowing process, and to distinguish these from other non-age-related causes of dysphagia.Disturbances of the swallowing process can occur at any age and might lead to choking. However, the risk of dysphagia increases with advanced age. This is not only due to a higher incidence of diseases that cause dysphagia, but also to age-related changes in the mechanisms of swallowing. Aging affects all of the anatomic structures involved in the swallowing process. Important changes include limitations to mastication, delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex, expansion of pharyngeal structures, prolonged pharyngeal propulsion, loss of pharyngeal sensitivity, increased rigidity of the esophageal wall and reduced esophageal contractility. Changes in swallowing function caused by aging alone are termed presbyphagia. If these changes are so severe that their compensation is no longer possible, presbydysphagia occurs. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes it is mandatory to evaluate presbyphagic and presbydysphagic changes in the swallowing process, and to distinguish these from other non-age-related causes of dysphagia.

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