Carlos Henrique Carvalho de Sousa

Interação entre salinidade e biofertilizante bovino na cultura do feijão-de-corda

Objetivou-se avaliar a interacao entre salinidade e o uso de biofertilizante bovino sobre a condutividade eletrica do solo, crescimento inicial, trocas gasosas e teores de elementos minerais no feijao-de-corda. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido do Departamento de Ciencias dos Solos - UFC. A semeadura foi feita em vasos, utilizando-se, como substrato, um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, referente a cinco niveis de sais da agua de irrigacao e dois de biofertilizante bovino. O aumento dos niveis salinos da agua de irrigacao inibiu o crescimento inicial das plantas, sendo menos afetado no solo com o biofertilizante. O aumento da salinidade da agua aliado a aplicacao do biofertilizante, resultou no aumento da salinidade do solo. O aumento do teor salino da agua de irrigacao provocou reducao nas trocas gasosas, mas em menor proporcao nas plantas desenvolvidas nos tratamentos com o biofertilizante. A extracao dos elementos essenciais e de sodio obedeceu a seguinte ordem: Ca > K > Na > P. A aplicacao de biofertilizante bovino foi eficiente ao aumentar os teores de P na planta e de aumentar os totais extraidos de K, P e Ca, independente no nivel de salinidade aplicado. Entretanto, os efeitos beneficos da aplicacao de biofertilizante bovino sobre o crescimento, trocas gasosas e extracao de nutrientes, sao menos expressivos nos maiores niveis de salinidade da agua de irrigacao.

Produtividade do meloeiro sob lâmina de irrigação e adubação potássica

The main goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of the four water depths and four levels of potassium fertilization applied thought drip irrigation on the yield and quality of Yellow melon (Cucumis melo L.), group Gold Mine AF 10.00. The study was carried at the Pici Campus of Ceara Federal University from Brazil. A randomized block design with two factors and four repetitions was used. The first factor represented the water depths (50; 75; 100 and 150% of the Class A pan evaporation) and the second factor represented the levels of potassium fertilization (150; 225; 300 and 450 kg ha-1). The results showed that water depths linearly affected crop productivity, while Potassium fertilization and the iteration between both factors were not significant. Maximum fruit yield (35 Mg ha-1) was obtained applying 795 mm of water (150% of the Class A pan evaporation). Fruit mass increased about 82% with the amount of water applied, while the yield increased more than 16 Mg ha-1 .

RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS DE PLANTAS DE COQUEIRO ANÃO SOB DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA, EM SOLOS AFETADOS POR SAIS

The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological acclimation responses of young plants of the dwarf coconut cultivar ̳Jiqui Green‘ associated with tolerance to conditions of multiple abiotic stresses (drought and soil salinity), acting either independently or in combination. The study was conducted under controlled conditions and evaluated the following parameters: leaf gas exchange, quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and relative contents of total chlorophyll (SPAD index). The experiment was conducted under a randomized block experimental design, in a split plot arrangement. In the plots, plants were exposed to different levels of water stress, by imposing potential crop evapotranspiration replacement levels equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%, whereas in subplots, plants were exposed to different levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80, and 40.70 dS m). Physiological mechanisms were effectively limited when water deficit and salinity acted separately and/or together. Compared with soil salinity, water stress was more effective in reducing the measured physiological parameters. The magnitudes of the responses of plants to water supply and salinity depended on the intensity of stress and evaluation period. The physiological acclimation responses of plants were mainly related to stomatal regulation. The coconut tree has a number of physiological adjustment mechanisms that give the species partial tolerance to drought stress and/or salt, thereby enabling it to revegetate salinated areas, provided that its water requirements are at least partially met.

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF THREE WOODY SPECIES SEEDLINGS UNDER WATER STRESS, IN SOIL WITH AND WITHOUT ORGANIC MATTER

The low availability of water in the soil is one of the limiting factors for the growth and survival of plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of physiological processes in early growth of guanandi (Calophyllum brasilense Cambess), African mahogany (Khayai vorensis A. Chev) and oiti (Licaniato mentosa Benth Fritsch) over a period of water stress and other of rehydration in the soil with and without addition of organic matter. The study was conducted in a greenhouse and the experimental design was completely randomised into a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, comprising three species (guanandi, African mahogany, and oiti), two water regimes (with and without water restriction) and two levels of organic fertilisation (with and without the addition of organic matter). Irrigation was suspended for 15 days in half of the plants, while the other half (control) continued to receive daily irrigation, the soil being maintained near field capacity for these plants. At the end of the stress period, the plants were again irrigated for 15 days to determine their recovery. Water restriction reduced leaf water potential and gas exchange in the three species under study, more severely in soil with no addition of organic matter. The addition of this input increased soil water retention and availability to the plants during the suspension of irrigation, reducing the detrimental effects of the stress. During the period of rehydration, there was strong recovery of water status and leaf gas exchange. However recovery was not complete, suggesting that some of the effects caused by stress irreversibly affected cell structures and functions. However, of the species being studied, African mahogany displayed a greater sensitivity to stress, with poorer recovery.

Efeito de manejos do solo no déficit hídrico, trocas gasosas e rendimento do feijão-de-corda no semiárido

Rainfall variability in semi-arid areas often results in water shortages during the cycle of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), affecting yield. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different management practices on soil water deficit, leaf gas exchange and the yield of the cowpea under rainfed conditions in a semi-arid region. The experimental design was completely randomised into split lots of five management systems (treatments) and two layers of soil (0.15 and 0.30 m), with four replications. The management systems investigated were: T-P, soil turned by hoe only; T-ESC, ploughing to 0.30 m only; T-CS, soil with subsoiling and in situ catchment; T-CCM, subsoiling, in situ catchment and mulch, and T-CCO, subsoiling, in situ catchment, mulch and compost. The results showed that the interaction of the practices of mulching, composting, subsoiling and in situ catchment, resulted in the T-CCO having a greater capacity to capture and store water in the soil, with a consequent increase in water availability for the crops. This fact increased the yield of T-CCO in relation to the other treatments by (1st to 4th) 41%, 28%, 47% and 12%. For a water deficit generated after ten consecutive days without rain, the T-CCO displayed the best results in maintaining the physiological state of the plants. However, when the soil was close to field capacity, there were no significant differences for soil management practice in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration or leaf temperature. This fact demonstrates the importance of soil management under limiting conditions of moisture.

Response of four woody species to salinity and water deficit in initial growth phase

Resposta de quatro espécies lenhosas à salinidade e déficit hídrico em fase inicial de crescimento R E S U M O Objetivou-se nessa pesquisa avaliar o crescimento de espécies florestais sob condições de salinidade e déficit hídrico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial triplo, com quatro espécies florestais (Nim, Aroeira, Ipê e Sabiá), dois níveis de salinidade (1,2 e 8,6 dS m-1) e dois regimes hídricos (com e sem restrição hídrica). Foram medidos a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca das raízes e massa seca total. Verificou-se que em todas as variáveis estudadas houve significância estatística para os fatores espécies (A) e salinidade (B), isoladamente. Já o déficit hídrico (Fator C) e a interação dos fatores A x B x C não causaram nenhuma inferência estatística. A redução de 50% da reposição de água para as mudas das quatro espécies estudadas não foi suficiente para provocar danos significativos ao crescimento das plantas, com redução média na produção de matéria seca inferior a 10%. Com base na produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, verifica-se que a espécie Nim se comportou como moderadamente tolerante, enquanto as demais espécies se mostraram moderadamente sensíveis à salinidade. O déficit hídrico empregado não foi suficiente para intensificar os efeitos do estresse salino nas condições do presente estudo.

Produtividade de sistemas de rotação algodão/ feijão-de-corda e girassol/ feijão-de-corda durante o processo de recuperação de um solo salino-sódico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of subsoiling, gypsum and organic matter associated with the cultivation of cotton, sunflower and cowpea in crop rotation, seeking the reclamation and use of a saline-sodic soil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split plots with four replications, during two crop cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter and the sub-plots consisted of the cotton-cowpea (C/CP) and sunflower-cowpea (S/CP) crop rotation. The use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to decrease the soil salinity and sodicity. Cotton was not affected by the treatments, while the sunflower crop was favored by the application of amendments only in the second production cycle. Higher yields of cowpea in T5 treatment, during the 2009/2010 cycle, are indicative that higher doses of gypsum and organic matter applied in this treatment accelerate the reclamation process. For other treatments with amendment application there was a beneficial effect for this crop only in the second cycle, when the values of productivity were similar to T5.