Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda

Solute accumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress

Abstract Seedlings of two forage sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in salt tolerance were subjected to 0 and 100 mM NaCl and shoot development, leaf elongation, and organic and inorganic solutes contents in leaves were measured. Salt stress reduced both shoot development and leaf elongation and enhanced leaf senescence and injury. It also led to accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl−), organic solutes (carbohydrates, amino acids and proline), and reduction of K+ content in leaf blades. Toxic ion accumulation was higher in the basal zone of the leaf blade and occurred during the period of intense leaf growth while organic solutes accumulation, mainly proline, was higher in the apical zone and occurred when the leaves practically had reached their final size. All these changes were more conspicuous in the sensitive than in the tolerant genotype. The latter also retained more toxic ions in leaf sheath tissue than the former. It is suggested that the reduction in shoot development and leaf elongation were related to toxic ion accumulation and depletion of K+ ions in the leaf blades. The accumulation of organic solutes in leaves did not appear to be related to salt tolerance. Proline accumulation appears to be a reaction to salt stress damage and not a plant response associated with salt tolerance.

Effects of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response and solute accumulation of different maize genotypes

Seeds from eight different maize genotypes (BR3123, BR5004, BR5011, BR5026, BR5033, CMS50, D766 and ICI8447) were sown in vermiculite, and after germination they were transplanted into nutrient solution or nutrient solution containing 100 mmol.L-1 of NaCl and placed in a greenhouse. During the experimental period plant growth (dry matter, shoot to root dry mass ratio, leaf area, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate), leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, transpiration, predawn water potential, sodium, potassium, soluble amino acids and soluble carbohydrate contents were determined in both control and salt stressed plants of all genotypes studied. Salt stress reduced plant growth of all genotypes but the genotypes BR5033 and BR5011 were characterized as the most salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive, respectively. Stomatal response of the salt-tolerant genotype was not affected by salinity. Among the studied parameters, shoot to root dry mass ratio, leaf sodium content and leaf soluble organic solute content showed no relation with salt tolerance, i.e., they could not be considered as good morpho-physiological markers for maize salt tolerance. In contrast, sodium and soluble organic solutes accumulation in the roots as a result of salt stress appeared to play an important role in the acclimation to salt stress of the maize genotypes studied, suggesting that they could be used as physiological markers during the screening for salt tolerance.

Plant growth and solute accumulation and distribution in two sorghum genotypes, under NaCl stress

Seedlings of two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes with differential tolerance to salinity were exposed to 0 and 100 mM NaCl, gradually added in increments of 25 mM every 12 hours, in nutrient solution. Seven days after starting the salt treatment the growth of the shoot and root system and the inorganic and organic solutes contents were determined. Salinity reduced the dry matter yield and length of the shoot and root system in both sorghum genotypes, specially in the sensitive one. In general, it was observed an increase in Na + and Cl - transfer to the shoot, in Na + and Cl - accumulation and in the Na + /Cl - ratio but a decrease in the K + and Ca 2+ transfer to shoot and in the K + and Ca 2+ contents in the shoot, always with higher intensity in sensitive genotype. Apparently, the tolerance to high saline concentrations in sorghum seems to be related to the genotype ability to avoid accumulation of harmful levels of Na + and Cl - and, or to maintain adequate levels of K + and Ca 2+ , specially in the shoot. The soluble carbohydrates and amino acids constituted together over 98% of the total organic solutes and showed the greatest absolute increase in concentration during saline stress. Probably, the soluble carbohydrates were the most important organic solutes to contribute to the osmotic adjustment in the leaves and the amino acids in the roots. Under saline stress there was an expressive increase in proline contents, specially in the oldest leaves of sensitive genotype. The proline contents, however, even under salt stress, did not reach the levels of other organic solutes. Contrary to the general acceptance, proline does not seem to have an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance, at least for these genotypes and under the experimental conditions applied here. ADDITIONAL INDEX TERMS: Salinity, salt stress, salt accumulation, organic solutes accumulation, Sorghum bicolor.

Physiological responses of NaCl stressed cowpea plants grown in nutrient solution supplemented with CaCl2

Pitiuba cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) plants were grown in nutrient solution and kept in a greenhouse up to pre-flowering stage. They were subjected to four different treatments: nutrient solution; nutrient solution containing 75 mmol.L-1 NaCl; nutrient solution containing 75 mmol.L-1 NaCl and 5 mmol.L-1 CaCl2; and nutrient solution containing 75 mmol.L-1 NaCl and 10 mmol.L-1 CaCl2. Salt stress strongly inhibited plant growth, caused a disturbance in plant-water balance, and increased the total content of inorganic solutes in the different plant parts, due mainly to accumulation of Na+ and Cl-. It also increased leaf and root soluble carbohydrates, reduced soluble amino nitrogen both in root tips and in the youngest trifoliate leaves, and reduced proline levels in root tips. Although the addition of CaCl2 to the root environment of salt stressed plants caused a reduction in Na+ content, specially in roots, it did not ameliorate the salt stress effects on plant-water relations and growth. Therefore, the results obtained do not support the hypothesis that supplemental calcium would ameliorate the inhibitory effects of NaCl-stress.

Acumulação de biomassa e extração de nutrientes por plantas de feijão-de-corda irrigadas com água salina em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento

Due to the limited availability of low salinity waters, the use of water of moderate to high salinity in agriculture is a close reality in the expansion of irrigated farms. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with saline water, applied at different development stages of cowpea plants, on growth and nutrient uptake. The experiment was set up in the field during the dry season. A completely randomized block design, with five treatments and five replications was adopted. The treatments studied were: T1 - groundwater with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.8dS m-1 during the whole crop cycle; T2 - saline water (ECw = 5.0dS m-1) during the whole crop cycle; T3, T4 and T5 - saline water from 0 to the 22nd day after sowing (DAS), from the 23rd to the 42nd DAS and from the 43rd to 62nd DAS, respectively. The plants subjected to T3, T4 and T5 were irrigated with groundwater in the other stages of the crop cycle. At 8, 23, 43 and 63DAS plants were collected for evaluation of plant growth, Na, Cl, K, Ca, N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents and distribution in plant parts. The application of saline water during the whole crop cycle (T2) and during the germination and initial plant development (T3) caused, respectively, inhibition and retardation of plant growth. Cowpea plants removed the minerals in the following decreasing sequence: N > K > Cl > Ca > Na > P > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu, but the continuous use of saline water (T2) reduced the total uptake of all nutrients, except for Na. The minerals Na, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Mn were distributed preferentially in the vegetative parts of the plant, while most of the N and P were translocated to the pods.

Rotação cultural feijão caupi/milho utilizando-se águas de salinidades diferentes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in chemical properties of soil, growth and productivity of crops in a cowpea/corn rotation irrigated with water of different salinities. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in randomized block design in a factorial scheme with four treatments and five replications totaling twenty plots. The treatments consisted of plants irrigated with well water of ECw of 0.8 (T1), 2.2 (T2), 3.6 (T3) and 5.0dS m-1 (T4). In the first crop with cowpea (dry season) the space used was 0.8m between rows and 0.3m between plants, with two plants per hole. The same plots were utilized for the cultivation of corn (rainy season), using a spacing between rows of 0.8m and 0.2m between plants and one plant per hole. During the trial period, the chemical properties of soil, plant growth, productivity and partitioning of dry matter were evaluated. The use of saline water during cultivation of the cowpea in the dry season increased the salinity and sodicity of the soil, which reduced the growth and productivity of cowpea. High rainfall before and during the cultivation of corn eliminated the possible negative effects of salinity in this crop. The high yield of crops and the relatively small alteration in the salt content of the soil suggest the feasibility of using cowpea/corn crop rotation under conditions similar to this study.

Produtividade do feijão-de-corda e acúmulo de sais no solo em função da fração de lixiviação e da salinidade da água de irrigação

The study had the objective to evaluate the effect of water salinity and the leaching fraction (LF) on soil salt accumulation and on the yield of grains of cowpea plants. A completely randomized block design, with four treatments and five repetitions, was adopted. The treatments studied were: 1 - well water with ECw of 0.8 dS m-1 (without LF); 2 - saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 (without LF); 3 - saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with LF of 0.14, and 4 - saline water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 with LF of 0.28. The following parameters were evaluated: soil salt accumulation, vegetative plant growth, yield, gas exchange and leaf ion contents (Na+, Ca+2, K+, and Cl-). The saline water application provoked salt accumulation in the soil profile, but this effect was partially reverted by the increase of the leaching fraction. Salinity reduced plant yield, but it did not affect its quality. The reduction in plant yield was related, at least in part, to decrease in net assimilation of carbon during flowering and fruit development due to osmotic effects and to accumulation of potentially toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-). In general, the increase in leaching fraction did not reduce the effect of the salinity on plant development.

Physiology of cashew plants grown under adverse conditions

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important crop for semi-arid agriculture and contributes to the social and economical development of several world regions, including the northeast of Brazil. In spite of its importance, very few studies aim to understand the effects of abiotic stresses on the development and yield of the cashew. This review covers the research on cashew ecophysiology, with emphasis on the effects of water and salt stress on its development, mineral nutrition and gas exchange processes. The results presented here were obtained at different plant growth stages and under different environmental conditions of soil and climate. The ecophysiological significance of this information is also discussed.

Morpho-physiological responses of cowpea leaves to salt stress

The effect of salt stress of known intensity and duration on morpho-physiological changes in leaves of different ages from cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plants was studied, aiming for a better understanding of the acclimation process of the whole-plant. Seeds were sown in vermiculite and seedlings were transferred to plastic trays containing aerated nutrient solution, and kept in a greenhouse. When the first trifoliate leaf emerged the seedlings were transplanted into 3 L plastic pots containing aerated nutrient solution. Salt additions started 5 d later, and the salt-treated plants received 25 mmol L-1 per day until reaching a final concentration of 75 mmol L-1. During the experimental period primary leaves and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trifoliate leaves were used for measurements of net photosynthesis, leaf area, leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, ions and chlorophyll concentrations. Growth analysis of the whole-plant was performed at the end of the experimental period. Salinity did not affect net photosynthesis, but reduced dry mass production and the number of lateral branches. Leaf concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+ and P increased in salt-stressed plants, but these responses were dependent upon stress duration and leaf age. The higher concentration of potentially toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) in older leaves could contribute to the reduced ion accumulation in growing tissues, but the tendency of K and P accumulation in leaves appeared to be the result of reduced re-translocation, i.e., not related to plant acclimation. Salinity also increased the source/sink ratio, leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, and chlorophyll accumulation per unit of leaf area, suggesting that the observed changes could be part of an integrated mechanism of whole-plant acclimation to salt stress.

Physiological and biochemical changes occurring in dwarf-cashew seedlings subjected to salt stress

The effects of salt stress on some physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated in dwarf-cashew seedlings at the same developmental stage. Seeds were sown in trays containing vermiculite moistened with distilled water or with NaCl solutions having different electrical conductivities: 0.7, 1.8, 6.0, 9.8, 13.4, 17.4 and 20.6 dS m-1. Salinity delayed and inhibited seedling growth and development, particularly in the shoot. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl-, but not of K+, increased with increasing stress severity. With the exception of proline, concentration of organic solutes was only marginally affected by salt stress. Catalase activity in leaves increased slightly as a result of salt stress, whereas guaiacol peroxidase activity was induced only under low levels of salt. In contrast, activities of guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase increased dramatically in roots. Apparently, roots were better protected against oxidative damage than shoots, as judged from the decrease in lipid peroxidation in root tissues. In leaves, expression of 75 proteins, evaluated by 2D electrophoresis, was altered by salt stress: 35 of them increased their expression and three were apparently de novo synthesized. In roots, 69 proteins were modified by salt stress: 34 proteins increased their expression and two proteins appeared only in stressed seedlings. The changes in protein patterns were caused by the imposed salt stress rather than by a response to the developmental stage. Overall, these responses could play an important role in salt stress acclimation of cashew seedlings.