Carmen Hagemeister

An international review of the frequency of single-bicycle crashes (SBCs) and their relation to bicycle modal share

Objectives To study cyclists’ share of transport modes (modal share) and single-bicycle crashes (SBCs) in different countries in order to investigate if the proportion of cyclist injuries resulting from SBCs is affected by variation in modal share. Methods A literature search identified figures (largely from western countries) on SBC casualties who are fatally injured, hospitalised or treated at an emergency department. Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate how bicycle modal share is related to SBCs. Results On average, 17% of fatal injuries to cyclists are caused by SBCs. Different countries show a range of values between 5% and 30%. Between 60% and 95% of cyclists admitted to hospitals or treated at emergency departments are victims of SBCs. The proportion of all injured cyclists who are injured in SBCs is unrelated to the share of cycling in the modal split. The share of SBC casualties among the total number of road crash casualties increases proportionally less than the increase in bicycle modal share. Conclusions While most fatal injuries among cyclists are due to motor vehicle–bicycle crashes, most hospital admissions and emergency department attendances result from SBCs. As found in previous studies of cyclists injured in collisions, this study found that the increase in the number of SBC casualties is proportionally less than the increase in bicycle modal share.

Wie kann man Geübtheit in Konzentrationstests erkennbar machen

Zusammenfassung. Bei mehrmaliger Wiederholung eines Konzentrationstests kommt es zu einer Leistungsverbesserung, die aber keiner Fahigkeitsverbesserung entspricht. Diese Geubtheit erkennbar zu machen, ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Zum Erkennen der Ubung wurden das Paradigma des “Aufgabenwechsels” und die dabei entstehenden Wechselkosten genutzt. Dreisig Personen trainierten einen Computer-Konzentrationstest nach dem Prinzip des Consistent Mapping (ein Reiz ist immer Zielreiz, ein anderer immer Distraktor) und weitere 30 Probanden nach dem Prinzip des Varied Mapping (ein Reiz ist abwechselnd Zielreiz bzw. Distraktor), jeweils dreimal, und zwar zu verschiedenen Terminen im Abstand von drei bis vier Tagen. Die Abschlussmessung wurde bei beiden Gruppen nach dem Varied-Mapping-Prinzip zum Ende der dritten Sitzung durchgefuhrt. Um die Geubtheit zu erkennen, wurden die Wechselkosten bei der ersten Messung der Varied-Mapping-Gruppe und der Abschlussmessung der Consistent-Mapping-Gruppe verglichen. Mit Hilfe einer D...

How Useful is the Power Law of Practice for Recognizing Practice in Concentration Tests

Abstract. When concentration tests are completed repeatedly, reaction time and error rate decrease considerably, but the underlying ability does not improve. In order to overcome this validity problem this study aimed to test if the practice effect between tests and within tests can be useful in determining whether persons have already completed this test. The power law of practice postulates that practice effects are greater in unpracticed than in practiced persons. Two experiments were carried out in which the participants completed the same tests at the beginning and at the end of two test sessions set about 3 days apart. In both experiments, the logistic regression could indeed classify persons according to previous practice through the practice effect between the tests at the beginning and at the end of the session, and, less well but still significantly, through the practice effect within the first test of the session. Further analyses showed that the practice effects correlated more highly with the...

Alcohol consumption and cycling in contrast to driving

In Germany, the legal blood alcohol limit for cyclists is much higher (0.16 percent) than the limit for drivers (0.05 percent) - as long as no crash has occurred. The proportion of police-recorded crashes with personal damage under the influence is higher for cyclists than drivers, and the blood alcohol concentrations are higher for cyclists than drivers. 63 women and 204 men who drive a car and use a bike and drink alcohol participated in the online study. In the sample, cycling under the influence (CUI) was more frequent and was observed more frequently among friends than driving under the influence (DUI). Persons who use a particular vehicle type more often in general and when they visit friends also use it more often after alcohol consumption. Persons who drink alcohol more often cycle more often after alcohol consumption. In all aspects covered, drink cycling was seen as more acceptable and less dangerous than drink driving. Persons who cycle more often under the influence observe drink cycling more often among their friends. They think they are less of a danger to themselves and others when cycling after alcohol consumption, and they agree less with the statement that one should leave ones bike parked after alcohol consumption. The attitudes that drinking is unsafe for ones own driving and that one should leave ones car parked are important predictors of (non-)drink driving. For cycling, the most important predictors are bike use frequency and observing drink cycling among friends.

Test Reviewing in Germany

In 2006, a (new) German standard for test reviewing was passed (Testkuratorium, 2006). There was already a European standard in place (European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations, 2008). This article presents the German standard for test reviewing and explains how the German test review system was derived from demands in the German standard DIN 33430 for proficiency assessment procedures. Crucial decisions that were made prior to the construction of the standards are clarified, including why other (e.g., European/Dutch) existing standards were not simply translated. Furthermore, advances, difficulties, challenges, and perspectives regarding the test reviewing system in Germany are discussed.

Diagnostische Strategien lehren und lernen

Zusammenfassung: Wenn Psychologen eine Fragestellung von einem Auftraggeber bekommen, mussen sie entscheiden, ob sie das notwendige Wissen haben, und ob die Fragestellung rechtlichen, ethischen und wissenschaftlichen Standards genugt. Wir konstruierten eine Checkliste mit sieben Regeln fur die relevanten Entscheidungen und untersuchten, wie gut Psychologiestudierende diese Regeln anwandten. Einundfunfzig Studierende aus zwei Seminaren “Diagnostische Strategien” bearbeiteten zwei Tests, die korrekte und inkorrekte Fragestellungen enthielten. Sie bearbeiteten den ersten Test am Anfang des Seminars und den zweiten, nachdem sie das Thema “Ubernahme der Fragestellung” im Seminar besprochen hatten; der Vortest im einen Seminar diente als Nachtest im anderen. Zwischen Vor- und Nachtest wurde eine Seminarsitzung genutzt, um die Losungen zu besprechen und inkorrekte Fragestellungen umzuformulieren. Die Leistung der Studierenden nahm signifikant von 46% richtigen Losungen im Vortest auf 60% richtige Losungen im Nac...