Celil Toplu

Phytochemical characterization of several hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) species sampled from the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.

Background: We evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity as well as antioxidant activity of five Crataegus species (A1, A2, Y1, Y2, Y4 accessions of Crataegus aronia var. aronia; B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, Y5 accessions of C. aronia var. dentata; B10 accession of C. aronia var. minuta; Y3 accession of Crataegus orientalis var. orientalis and A3 accession of Crataegus monogyna subsp. azarella). Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of fruits were determined by β-carotene bleaching and Folin–Ciocalteu assays. Antioxidant capacity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: C. monogyna subsp. azarella had the highest total phenol, antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity of 55.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), 81.9% and 31.2%, respectively. C. aronia var. aronia was found to have the lowest total phenolic content (35.7 mg GAE/g DW). The antioxidant activities of fruit extracts increased in the order of C. orientalis var. orientalis < C. aronia var. minuta < C. aronia var. dentata < C. aronia var. aronia < C. monogyna subsp. azarella according to β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. In recent years, C. aronia var. dentata has gained importance as a commercial species in this region. B3 and B7 accessions had fruit weight more than 14 g, and considerable total phenol content, antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: This investigation shows the potential value of hawthorn fruit species as a good source of natural antioxidants and that consumption of hawthorn fruit or its products may contribute substantial amounts of antioxidants to the diet.

Relationships among Crataegus accessions sampled from Hatay, Turkey, as assessed by fruit characteristics and RAPD

The genus Crataegus known as hawthorns, is the largest genus among the Maloideae, which comprises 265 species. Turkey is one of the genetic centers of Crataegus and there are more than 20 species found in Turkey. The fruits of Crataegus are used as food and have high flavonoid, vitamin C, glycoside, anthocyanidin, saponin, tannin, and antioxidant levels. In this study, we attempted to characterize 15 Crataegus accessions sampled from Hatay, located in Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The accessions belonged to several species; C. aronia (L.) DC. var. aronia, C. aronia var. dentata Browicz, C. aronia var. minuta Browicz, C. monogyna Jacq. subsp. azarella (Griseb.) Franco, and C. orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb. var. orientalis. Fruit characteristics of the accessions exhibited considerable variation. The multivariate, principle component and cluster analyses indicated that the accessions belonged to three groups: (1) C. aronia var. arona accessions; (2) C. aronia var. dentata accessions; and, (3) C. monogyna subsp. azarella and C. orientalis var. orientalis accessions. The principle component analysis results also revealed that the first three components explained 46, 21, and 14% of the variation, comprising a total of 81%. The fruit length and width, leaf area, and soluble solids contents were highly correlated characteristics for the first three components. The 19 RAPD primers generated a total of 107 bands, where 76 of these were polymorphic. The molecular data analyses by principle coordinate and clustering showed similar results to those of pomological characteristics. There were three groups, (1) C. aronia var. arona accessions; (2) C. aronia var. dentata accession; and, (3) C. monogyna subsp. azarella. C. orientalis var. orientalis accession grouped with C. aronia var. arona accessions. Therefore, it can be concluded that, overall, the diversity patterns of pomological and molecular data, generated by RAPD, for Crataegus are in good agreement and the accessions of C. aronia var. aronia, C. aronia var. minuta, C. monogyna subsp. azarella and C. orientalis var. orientalis accessions.

Leaf Mineral Composition of Olive Varieties and Their Relation to Yield and Adaptation Ability

ABSTRACT The amount of yield and adaptation of a cultivar to a new environment is strongly related to nutrient uptake ability. The aim of this study was to compare nutrient uptake ability of 21 local and/or standard olive varieties grown under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Elemental compositions of olive leaves were determined for two consecutive years. The highest yields were obtained from ‘Gemlik’, ‘Manzanilla’, ‘Memecik’, and ‘Hojiblanca’ varieties. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) content of leaves were comparatively higher in the high-yielding year (2004) whereas iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) contents were lower. Nutrient uptake ability and usage efficiency of olive varieties were different. Mineral composition of leaves was variety dependent and different groups of varieties showed higher leaf concentration for each element. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variation in the nutrient uptake ability may be used as a criterion for adaptation of a variety to a new ecological environment.

EFFECT OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS ON LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘OKITSU’, ‘CLAUSELLINA’, AND ‘SILVERHILL’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS

Citrus performance is strongly related with rootstock. This study was conducted to investigate leaf nutrient contents of ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’ mandarin cultivars budded onto sour orange, ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstocks in Dörtyol, Turkey in 2004 and 2005. The maximum nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and copper (Cu) contents were determined for ‘Clausellina’; phosphorus (P) for ‘Okitsu’; and sodium (Na) for ‘Silverhill’. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) uptake were similar for the mandarin cultivars. ‘Carrizo’ citrange at N, K, Mg, Mn, and Cu uptake; ‘Troyer’ citrange at N, P, K, and Fe uptake; and common sour orange at Ca, Zn, and Na uptake was superior on the other rootstocks. It was observed that ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citrange rootstocks had advantages over sour orange in nutrient uptake. Thus, growth performance, yield, and quality parameters considered, ‘Carrizo’ and/or ‘Troyer’ citranges could be suggested as rootstocks for the studied mandarin cultivars under similar ecological conditions.

LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ‘NOVA’, ‘ROBINSON’ AND ‘FREMONT’ MANDARIN CULTIVARS ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

Rootstock selection has a critical importance for mineral nutrition of budded cultivars. This study was conducted at the experimental farm of Mustafa Kemal University, Dörtyol, Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sour orange, Troyer and Carrizo citrange rootstocks on the leaf nutrient contents of ‘Nova’, ‘Robinson’, and ‘Fremont’ mandarin cultivars in the 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Carrizo citrange was examined for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn); Troyer citrange for iron (Fe); and sour orange for calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) were superior on the others. Nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and Mg levels of mandarin leaf budded on sour orange were under or just above the deficiency threshold. Potassium, Mn, and Zn content of ‘Robinson’; P, Ca and Fe content of ‘Fremont’; and Cu content of ‘Nova’ were statistically higher. Therefore, it can be concluded that Carrizo rootstock may be suggested for the region and regions with similar ecological conditions.

Comparison of several plant nutrient elements in conventionally and organically grown citrus orchards

Organic citrus production has been increasing recently in Turkey. In this study, we compared several nutri-elements concentrations of organically (ORG) and conventionally (CON) grown citrus orchards in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The samples included Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu L.) and Washington navel and Valencia oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), which were grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). In 1996, 58 citrus orchards were sampled and 48 of them used for analyses. Three years after the first sampling, some orchards switched from CON to ORG production. Sampling was repeated in 2007 and included 31 samples from CON and 30 samples from orchards that switched to ORG after the 1996 samples were taken. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined using the samples from 1996; with the exception of B, no significant differences were observed. Analysis of the samples from 2007 indicated statistically significant differences between the two groups for concentrations of N, K, Mg, B and Mn. The means of both samples were subjected to principle component analysis (PCA); the results indicated that, after several years of ORG culture, the two groups were clearly separated. The variables highly correlated with PC1 were Na, Fe and Ca, while P, K, Mn and Mg were correlated by PC2. B, Fe and Zn correlated by PC3. Several trace elements (Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) from five randomly chosen soil samples from both CON and ORG growing groups were determined, and the results indicated that the mean concentrations for the two groups were similar for most of the elements (Pb, Cu, Fe and Ni). Our results shed light on the optimization of plant nutrient programs in organic citrus production.

Seasonal Carbohydrate Changes in the Leaves of Some Satsuma Cultivars on Different Rootstocks

The seasonal changes of carbohydrate content were monitored in the leaves of ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’, and ‘Silverhill’ satsuma cultivars budded on the sour orange (Citrus aurantium L. var. Yerli), Carrizo and Troyer citranges (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. x Citrus sinensis Osb. var. Troyer and Carrizo) during the 2010 and 2011 seasons. The seasonal changing trends of leaf soluble sugar contents of 3 satsuma cultivars budded on different rootstocks were similar. The sucrose was the most abundant soluble sugar. Carbohydrate contents had a maximum level at dormant period, and remained at low level during summer. In this period, the sharp decrease in leaf total carbohydrate concentration of ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’ occurred in April with a rate of 27.9%, 22.6% and 21.0%, respectively. Accumulation of carbohydrate in leaves generally started after mid summer and continued until the end of year. The rootstocks were found to be not significant for total soluble sugar, starch and total carbohydrate concentration in most of the months. The cultivars had a significant effect on carbohydrate fractions of leaves compared to rootstocks. The scion-rootstock combination was significant on total carbohydrate concentration of leaves in all months investigated.

Fremont ve Nova mandarin çeşitlerinin meyve gelişim sürecindeki kalite parametrelerindeki değişimler ve derim olumu

Bu calismanin amaci, Dortyol kosullarinda yetistirilen Fremont ve Nova mandarin cesitlerinin meyve kalitesinde gorulen degisimlerin ve derim zamaninin belirlenmesidir. Bu arastirmada yerli turunc anaci uzerine asili Fremont ve Nova mandarin cesitlerinin meyveleri kullanilmistir. Meyve gelisim surecinde secilen agaclardan Haziran dokumunden olgunlasincaya kadar meyve ornekleri alinmaya baslamis ve alinan meyvelerde her seferinde meyve eni (mm) ve boyu (mm), meyve agirligi (g), meyve kabuk rengi L* ve h o degeri, usare miktari (%), suda cozunebilir toplam kuru madde miktari (SCKM, %), titre edilebilir asit icerigi (TEA, %), SCKM/TEA orani ve meyve suyu pH degeri olculmustur. Bulgularimiza gore, Dortyol kosullarinda yetistirilen Fremont ve Nova mandarin cesitleri icin Kasim ayinin son haftasi ile Aralik ayinin ilk haftasi (ciceklenmeden itibaren 200-215. gunler) SCKM/TEA orani 8’in uzerinde ve renklenme ( ho degeri 80-90 arasinda) yeterli seviyede olup, en uygun derim olum zamani olarak saptanmistir.

Assessment of growth behaviour, yield, and quality parameters of some olive (Olea europaea) cultivars in Turkey

Abstract Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the oldest cultivated species in the Mediterranean basin and it is widespread throughout the Mediterranean region. In this study, we determined several phenological, morphological, and pomological characteristics of a number of olive cultivars when grown in Hatay province in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The 21 cultivars examined had their origins in Italy, Spain, Tunisia, and Turkey. The earliest flowering was observed in ‘Gemlik’ and ‘Silifke yaglik’ on 4 May whereas the latest flowering was in ‘Memeli’, ‘Domat’, and ‘Savrani’ on 10 May. ‘Gemlik’ and ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ produced the highest cumulative yield over a 4‐year period. The largest fruit were from ‘ Ascolana’, averaging 6.72 g whereas ‘Kilis yağlik’ (2.05 g), ‘Nizip yağlik’ (2.33 g), and ‘Meski’ (2.43 g) had the smallest fruit. The flesh comprised the highest fraction of total fruit weight in ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ (86.4%), ‘Gemlik’ (86.4%), ‘Edincik su’ (86.3%), ‘Hojiblanca’ (86.1%), and ‘Halhali’ (86.0%). The highest oil content was in ‘Kilis yaglik’ (31.2%) and ‘Savrani’ (29.3%). Based on our results, ‘Gemlik’ and ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ are suggested for table olive production in the Hatay region whereas ‘Memecik’, ‘Kilis yaglik’, and ‘Sari ulak’ are the most suitable for oil production.

DÖRTYOL VE SAMANDAĞ (HATAY)' DA YETİŞTİRİLEN VALENCIA LATE PORTAKALLARININ SOĞUKTA MUHAFAZASI SIRASINDA KALİTE DEĞİŞİMLERİ

Bu calismanin amaci, Dortyol ve Samandag yorelerinde yetistirilen Valencia Late portakallarinin sogukta muhafazasi sirasinda meyve kalitesinde gorulen degisimlerin belirlenmesidir. Arastirmada, 7 x 7 m araliklarla tesis edilmis Yerli turunc anaci uzerine asili Valencia Late portakali meyveleri kullanilmistir. Valencia Late portakallari 4 ve 6°C’lerde ve %85-90 oransal nemde ayda bir analizlenmek uzere 6 ay sureyle muhafaza edilmislerdir. Muhafaza sirasinda meyvelerde meydana gelen fiziksel ve kimyasal degisimler (agirlik kayiplari, usare, yesil kapsullu meyve orani, suda cozunebilir toplam kuru madde, pH, titre edilebilir asit, meyve kabuk rengi L* ve hue degeri) ile mantarsal ve fizyolojik bozulmalar incelenmistir. Dortyol kosullarinda yetistirilen Valencia Late portakallarinin 4°C sicaklik ve %85-90 oransal nemde 4 ay, 6°C sicaklik ve %85-90 oransal nemde ise 3 ay depolanabilecegi saptanmistir. Samandag kosullarinda yetistirilenlerin ise 4°C ve 6°C sicaklik ve %85-90 oransal nemde 3 ay kalitelerinden cok fazla bir sey kaybetmeden depolanabilecegi saptanmistir.