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Microencapsulated jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) extract added to fresh sausage as natural dye with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

The aim was to evaluate the addition of microencapsulated jabuticaba extract (MJE) to fresh sausage as natural dye with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Fresh sausages without dye, with cochineal carmine and with addition of 2% and 4% MJE were evaluated for chemical, microbiological and sensory properties during 15days of refrigerated storage. TBARS values were lower (P<0.05) throughout the storage period in sausages with 2% and 4% MJE (below 0.1mg of malondialdehyde/kg sample) than in control and carmine treatments (from 0.3 to 0.6mg of malondialdehyde/kg sample). T2% and T4% also showed lower microbial counts on storage days 4 and 15 for APCs. The addition of 4% MJE negatively influenced (P<0.05) sensory color, texture and overall acceptance attributes. On the other hand, T2% presented similar (P>0.05) sensory acceptance to control and carmine treatments in most of the attributes evaluated except for a decrease in color. Thus, addition of 2% MJE to fresh sausage can be considered as a natural pigment ingredient.

Estimativa do peso e do rendimento de carcaça de tourinhos Brangus e Nelore, por medidas de ultra-sonografia

The objective of this work was to obtain equations to estimate hot carcass weight (PCQ) and dressing percentage (RC) from ultrasound measurements (US) of 48 young bulls of the Brangus and Nellore breeds, fed diets with 20, 40, 60 or 80% of concentrate. Ultrasonic measurements made with a PieMedical Scanner 200 Vet equipment, with linear array transducer of 178 mm coupled with standoff guide, were ribeye area (AOLU), backfat thickness (EGSU) between 12a and 13a ribs and the fat thickness over the Biceps femoris (EGPU) muscle and live weight were collected on intervals of approximately 28 days. Regression equations for each breed and an overall equation were established. The best equations were selected through the Cp statistics. Correlations between measurements taken by ultrasound and after slaughter were 0.83 between AOLU and carcass area and 0.86 between EGSU and carcass backfat. Equations to estimate PCQ showed greater accuracy when measurements were taken closer to slaughter. However, equations to estimate RC showed lower accuracy and showed no improvement closer to slaughter. The overall equation showed the same or less accuracy for both characteristics if compared to equations of each breed. Predictions of PCQ and RC using ultrasound measurements showed results similar to those using the same measurements taken directly on carcass. The EGPU measurement did not increase the accuracy of predictions when EGSU already in model.

Exigências líquidas de proteína e energia para ganho de peso de tourinhos Brangus e Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes proporções de concentrado

The energy and protein requirements for gain of Brangus and Nellore bulls were estimated using the comparative slaughter technique, in which the empty body as well as the gain composition were estimated through the 9th -10th -11th rib cut. Twenty-eight animals from each breed were used in this research. At the beginning of the trial four animals from each breed were slaughtered to determine the initial body composition while the remaining bulls had free access to diets containing 20, 40, 60 or 80% of concentrate (dry matter basis) during 145 days. The average initial and final shrunk body weights were 238 and 402 kg for Brangus and 230.7 and 361.9 kg for Nellore, respectively. Animals averaged eight months of age in the beginning of the trial. The final average shrunk body gain, empty body gain, and hot carcass gain differed between breeds and concentrate levels with greater values found for Brangus and 60% of dietary concentrate, respectively. Fat and energy contents in the empty body were greater for Brangus while water, protein, and ash were higher for Nellore bulls. Protein and energy requirements for empty weight gain differed between breeds averaging 0.161 and 0.188 kg of protein and 3.02 and 2.46 Mcal of energy per kg of empty weight gain for Brangus and Nellore, respectively. Although it was observed greater energy requirement for Brangus and greater protein requirement for Nellore, no effect of concentrate level was found probably because the age of the bulls prevented animals to reach a stage of greater fat deposition.

Características da Carcaça e Qualidade da Carne de Tourinhos Alimentados com Dietas de Alta Energia

Thirty six 3⁄4 European 1⁄4 Zebu bulls were fed diets containing 9, 15 and 21% of the dry matter as sugar cane bagasse in natura (BIN). The animals, with initial body weight of 257 kg, were slaughtered with 435 kg, after 138 days on feed. Measurements in the carcass and the 9-10-11th rib cut physical composition were taken. Samples of Longissimus dorsi and Supraspinatus muscles, aged 0, 7 and 14 days, were analyzed for texture and color. Renal, pelvic and inguinal fat was higher for treatments with 9 and 15% of BIN. There was a tendency for greater backfat thickness in the treatments with 9 and 15% of BIN. BIN level in the diets had no effect on physical composition or carcass characteristics. However, greater fat deposition in the inguinal and pelvic region was observed in treatments with greater energy. The objective texture (WB) was different with ageing in the two muscles, with greater tenderness after 14 days than after 7, or 0 day. No significant differences in meat color were observed due to the BIN levels, but affected this characteristic. The aged steaks (0 and 14 days) were more tender and brilliant and their colors enhanced. Results suggest aging has great benefits on tenderness in young intact males with carcasses of 230 kg and 4 mm of fat thickness.Thirty six ¾ European ¼ Zebu bulls were fed diets containing 9, 15 and 21% of the dry matter as sugar cane bagasse in natura (BIN). The animals, with initial body weight of 257 kg, were slaughtered with 435 kg, after 138 days on feed. Measurements in the carcass and the 9-10-11th rib cut physical composition were taken. Samples of Longissimus dorsi and Supraspinatus muscles, aged 0, 7 and 14 days, were analyzed for texture and color. Renal, pelvic and inguinal fat was higher for treatments with 9 and 15% of BIN. There was a tendency for greater backfat thickness in the treatments with 9 and 15% of BIN. BIN level in the diets had no effect on physical composition or carcass characteristics. However, greater fat deposition in the inguinal and pelvic region was observed in treatments with greater energy. The objective texture (WB) was different with ageing in the two muscles, with greater tenderness after 14 days than after 7, or 0 day. No significant differences in meat color were observed due to the BIN levels, but affected this characteristic. The aged steaks (0 and 14 days) were more tender and brilliant and their colors enhanced. Results suggest aging has great benefits on tenderness in young intact males with carcasses of 230 kg and 4 mm of fat thickness.

Irradiated vacuum-packed lamb meat stored under refrigeration: Microbiology, physicochemical stability and sensory acceptance

Reducing spoilage and indicator bacteria is important for microbiological stability in meat and meat products. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma radiation on the shelf-life of lamb meat, vacuum-packed and stored under refrigeration, by assessing the microbiological safety, physicochemical stability and sensory quality. Lamb loin cuts (Longissimus dorsi) were irradiated with 1.5kGy and 3.0kGy. The samples, including control, were stored at 1±1°C during 56days. Samples were analyzed on zero, 14, 28, 42 and 56days by their microbiological and physicochemical characteristics. Sensory quality was carried out on day zero. The results showed a reduction (p<0.05) in the microbial load of the irradiated samples. The acceptance of lamb loins was not affected (p>0.05) by the radiation doses. Thus gamma irradiation at 3.0kGy was effective in reducing the content of microorganisms, without harming the physicochemical characteristics evaluated.

Estimativa da digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca por meio de indicadores internos em eqüinos

This research aimed to compare dry matter digestibility coefficient (DMDC) of horse diets by total feces collection (TC) and internal markers, indigestible cellulose (iCEL), indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) and acid insoluble ash (AIA). Sixteen adult mares of Mangalarga Marchador breed averaging from 3.5 to 18.4 years and 394.80 ± 46.22 kg were assigned to a randomized block design with four replicates. Diets were formulated to be isoprotein and isoenergetic and composed of coastcross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast cross) and 60:40 concentrate. Evaluation of DMDC estimated by the markers was performed by a model considering the bias, i.e., the difference between DMDC estimated by marker and by TC. No effect of animal age on DMDC. Among the evaluated markers, iADF was more accurate. Regarding precision, no differences were observed among markers. Concerning robustness, dry matter intake and DMDC affected iADF and iCEL estimates, whereas only DMDC affected AIA estimate. Markers recoveries were 98.49, 94.49 and 144.5% for iADF, iCEL e AIA, respectively and, only iADF recovery did not differ from 100%. Markers ranking concerning accuracy, precision and robustness were as follows: iADF, AIA and iCEL.

Canonical correlations among chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of Xaraés palisadegrass under rotational grazing

Em experimentos de avaliacao de forrageiras muitas vezes sao priorizadas as analises de adaptacao e produtividade e posteriormente parâmetros de valor nutritivo e consumo. Atraves de estudos para melhor caracterizar a qualidade de forrageiras por meio de sua resistencia fisica foram propostas tecnicas tais como a resistencia a moagem e a resistencia ao cisalhamento. Analise de correlacao canonica e uma abordagem estatistica sobre multiplas variaveis que facilita o estudo de inter-relacoes entre grupos de variaveis dependentes e independentes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o grau de associacao entre grupos de respostas qualitativas da forragem do capim Xaraes sob pastejo utilizando correlacoes canonicas entre caracteristicas morfologicas, bromatologicas e fisicas de amostras de forragem. Apenas o primeiro par canonico foi significativo na correlacao entre variaveis morfologicas e fisicas. Na analise de correlacao canonica entre variaveis morfologicas e bromatologicas, nenhum dos pares canonicos foi significativo. Na correlacao canonica entre variaveis fisicas e bromatologicas, apenas o primeiro par foi significativo, onde forragem com menor resistencia ao cisalhamento de colmos e folhas, possui maior concentracao de proteina bruta (PB) nas folhas e na forragem integra, menores concentracoes de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) nas folhas e na forragem integra e alta digestibilidade de folhas e colmos. O estudo de correlacoes canonicas permitiu explicar a relacao entre grupos de variaveis qualitativas do capim Xaraes sob pastejo, e e significativa entre variaveis morfologicas e fisicas, e entre fisicas versus bromatologicas.

Casein fractions of ultra high temperature milk with different somatic cell counts

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of somatic cell counts (SCC) in casein fractions of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk. Raw milks were categorized in SCC groups of low (200,000-320,000 cells mL-1), intermediate (380,000-560,000 cells mL-1) and high cells (600,000-800,000 cells mL-1). Five replicates of UHT milks within each SCC category were analyzed for casein fractions after 8, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage through high performance liquid chromatography. SCC showed effect only on beta-casein reduction. SCC in raw milk increases the proteolysis of UHT milk, as a consequence of beta-casein degradation.

Número de amostras e relação dimensão: formato da moldura de amostragem para determinação da massa de forragem de gramíneas cespitosas

In order to delineate efficient grazing systems it is important to periodically assess the herbage mass at the farm level. However, the knowledge concerning both, the number of samplings that should be performed and the quadrat (size and format) that should be used in these evaluations remains incomplete. In this context, three experiments were delineated to evaluate the effect of the number of samplings (varying from two to nine) and the dimension:format ratio of the quadrat (.25, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 m2 for quadrate and rectangular formats) on the coefficient of variation in herbage mass determinations performed on tussock-forming pastures. A randomized complete block design, following a factorial arrangement with three or four replicates, according to the experiment, was adopted. The interaction between the number of samplings and the dimension:format ratio of the quadrat was not significant. The overall analysis of the main factors indicated that at least four samplings with a 1 m2-quadrat (1 m x 1 m) should be performed in order to stabilize the coefficient of variation and provide a reliable estimate of the herbage mass.

Fatores que afetam a recuperação embrionária e os índices de prenhez após transferência transcervical em eqüinos da raça Mangalarga

This study had the objective of evaluating the effect of uterine flushing part, flushing day (D7 or D8), embryo size, age of recipients corpus luteus and transcervical technique on embryos recovery and in the pregnancy rates. There were differences (p 0.05) for the pregnancy rates (F.P.1, 76.2%; F.P.2, 83.3% and F.P.3, 78.6%). There was statistically tendency (p = 0.051) in the number of recovered embryos (37.5 and 62.8%) in the D7 or D8, respectively. However, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in the pregnancy rates (66.7 and 78.3%), when the embryos were recovered in the D7 or D8. It could be observed statistically differences (p 0.05) in the recovered embryos (50.9 and 59.5%) and pregnancy rates (77.2 and 77.7%), during the breeding season of 95/96 and 96/97, with inovulated embryos by the transcervical technique.