Cesar José da Silva

Compostagem de resíduos sólidos de frigorífico

Composting has been a viable and efficient alternative treatment to agroindustrial waste. This experiment was installed with the objective of analyzing the process of composting for slaughterhouse waste. Twelve piles of composting were prepared, using slaughterhouse waste, wheat straw and wood sawdust. The process was evaluated by daily temperature monitoring, observations of the occurrence of undesirable parameters (bad smell and/or ammoniacal smell, grease formation and presence of grubs and flies), as well as the capacity of recycling nutrients. The undesirable parameters were observed, on average, for the first five days after pile building; the temperatures increased, reaching 70 oC; chemical composition of compost showed relevant contents of macro and micronutrients, a high recycling potential. Utilization of impermeable floor and roof are recommended during the composting. The turning frequency used (15 days after pile building followed by turning) was adequate. The best relation of weight was 7.2 kg of waste for each kg of straw and 16.6 kg of waste for each kg of sawdust.

Desempenho de quatro sistemas para compostagem de carcaça de aves

The aim of present study was to evaluate the performance of four poultry carcasses composting systems through daily temperature monitoring, in the absence and presence of Salmonella sp., total (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) number and nutrients recycling. The evaluated systems were: Piles with aeration (1), Piles without aeration (2), Composters with aeration (3) and Composters without aeration (4). The process was carried out in two stages. The first stage was performed by arranging the carcasses with straw and water. In the second stage the compostage mass was transferred to a composting area where the material was revolved and wetted weekly until stabilization. The presence of Salmonella sp in the systems 2 and 4 at the end of the first stage was detected disappearing after the second one. In the compost a reduction in the number of TC and FC and of N and C contents as well as an increase in the rest of nutrients by the end of second stage was observed. It may be concluded that it is possible to perform the poultry carcass composting in anyone of the evaluated systems and is important to perform a second stage in the composting process to eliminate pathogens as well as to obtain a compost with better agronomic characteristics.

Desempenho agronômico e qualidade de sementes de crambe em diferentes épocas e profundidades de semeadura

The objective of this work was to evaluate seed quality and agronomic performance of crambe (Crambe abyssinica) at different sowing dates and depths. The cultivar FMS Brilhante was evaluated in four sowing dates (3/26, 4/9, 4/23, and 5/8/2012), at two depths (17.5 and 40.4 mm). Seeding depth influenced stem diameter and plant population, but had no significant effect on yield. Sowing date influences crambe agronomic performance and seed quality, regardless of sowing depth, and the best observed results are from the early April sowing.

Diagnostic leaf to evaluate the nutritional status of Jatropha

The analytical determination of nutrient levels in recently mature leaves in order to diagnose nutritional status is based on the fact that leaves are metabolically active and more sensitive to variation in nutrients of the soil. In most of cases, there is a well known relation between foliar content and the development and yield of the plant. However , for a more accurate interpretation, it is essential to establish the index leaf. There are few published studies about Jatropha with contrasting results. In order to establish the index leaf, in adult plants, the macronutrient levels were evaluated in samples collected in experimental plots, in which doses of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied, in two parts of the floral branches (in the top and in the middle thirds); and in three positions of leaves of the floral branch (between the 1 st and 3 rd , 6 th and 8 th , and 13 th and 15 th leaves below the inflorescence). The location of the leaf on the plant significantly affects nutrient contents. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur tend to have higher concentration in young tissues. Calcium and magnesium showed higher levels in the basal leaves of floral branches. Samples collected in the top third of plants (between the 6 th and 15 th leaves of the floral branch) are more sensitive to variations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Therefore, we inchcate the 6 th to 15 th leaves of the top third of

Crescimento de crambe na presença ou ausência de competição interespecífica

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) has a cropping cycle of around 90 days, being suitable as an alternative to the second grain crop planted after soybean is harvested in the Center West region of Brazil. It is necessary to understand the growth and development dynamics of crambe plants in order to allow correct management of the production factors. This study aimed to describe the growth and development parameters of crambe plants under presence or absence of interspecific competition. The experiment was installed in the fall-winter 2011 in an Oxisoil, in completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised crambe plants growing either in presence or absence of interspecific simulated competition, throughout the cropping cycle. Plants were collected for the growth analysis every 15 days from harvest until 75 days after emergence. Growth parameters leaf area (AF), dry mass of stems/culms (MSC), leaves (MSF) and total (MST) dry mass, leaf area index (IAF), absolute (TCA) and relative (TCR) growth rates, net assimilation rate (TAL), specific leaf area (AFE), leaf area duration (DAF), leaf area ratio (RAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF) were determined for the crop plants, submitted or not to competition, as well as for the simulated competitor. Crambe is a low competitive crop, being the competition more severe until 60-70 days after emergence. Besides, crop performance under field conditions was properly described by the net assimilation rate (TAL), which is also affected by the leaf area duration (DAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF).

Occurrence of weed species in Jatropha curcas intercropping systems

This study aimed to evaluate the level of infestation by weed species in a consolidated Jatropha plantation, as a function of the plant species grown in interrows. The experiment was installed in 2006 at the district of Itahum, city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, made possible through a partnership between Embrapa Western Agriculture and Paraiso Farm. Treatments consisted of (1) Jatropha in monocrop, with no plant at the interrrows; or the following plants cultivaded at the interrows of Jatropha: (2) Stylosanthes spp.; (3) Brachiaria ruziziensis; (4) Brachiaria ruziziensis + Stylosanthess pp.; (5) Brachiaria humidicola; (6) Panicum maximum cv. massai; (7) Cajanus cajan cv. anao; (8) Crotalaria spectabilis; (9) Crop rotation system 1 - (maize second crop -Crambe abyssinica - soybean - peanut); and (10) Crop rotation system 2 - (cowpea - radish - maize - cowpea) conducted for two years. Phytosociological characterization of weed species was accomplished in 2011 based on the Ecological Approach. Estimations of relative abundance, frequency, dominance and Importance Value Index were obtained. Areas were also characterized by the diversity coefficients of Simpson and modified Shannon-Weiner, and then grouped by cluster analysis. Areas with low soil coverage resulted in higher infestation levels; crop rotation in the interrows of Jatropha produced a significant reduction in weed infestation, but the lowest infestation levels were observed when grasses were grown intercropped with Jatropha. Lower diversity coefficients were associated with occurrence of the most troublesome weed species. In the first years after planting Jatropha, species of Brachiaria or a crop rotation involving species with high mulching ability and whose biomass exhibit a high C:N ratio, should be established in the interrows to avoid problems with weeds infestation.

Occurrence period, severity and management of powdery mildew and rust in Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas L. has been studied with the aim of attending the bioenergy demand in Brazil. In this study, the time of occurrence, the severity, and the control of powdery mildew and rust in a commercial crop were investigated. During the evaluation period, powdery mildew was first observed soon after Roese, A.D.; Zeviani, W.M.; Oliveira, H.N.; Silva, C.J. Occurrence period, severity and management of powdery mildew and rust in Jatropha curcas. Summa Phytopathologica, v.44, n.3, p.274-277, 2018. the onset of the raining period in October. Rust was first observed in April. Metarhizium anisopliae, Azadirachta indica oil, J. curcas oil, and the fungicide triadimenol were efficient in controlling powdery mildew. None of these products nor potassium silicate did control rust.

Nutrient accumulation, export and cycling in Jatropha curcas L .

The knowledge concerning nutrient accumulation rate allows defining the best amount and most appropriate time for its supply. Estimating nutrient amount in the aerial part of the plants is particularly important to species such as Jatropha curcas L., since there are no consistent calibration studies to indicate the amount of fertilizer to be applied. The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient accumulation, export and cycling in Jatropha curcas. The experiment was carried out in Cassilândia, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, during 52 months in a completely randomized design, with four replications and fifteen treatments, which consisted of different evaluation times. A large variation in the amount of nutrients accumulated in leaves was found due to senescence and leaf abscission in the driest and/or coldest period of the year. Nutrient accumulation in the aerial part is relatively low in the first 22 months. To meet Jatropha curcas requirements, fertilization during the first two years must provide 40; 50; 50; 21; 16; 5; 0.7; 0.3; 4; 8 and 1 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. From the third year of cultivation, topdressing fertilization should restitute 40, 110, 55 and 3 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, K2O and S, respectively. To replace the exported amount of nutrients, it should be supplied more 50, 100, 30 and 3 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5, K2O and S, respectively, per ton of grain to be produced.

Weed Occurrence in Sugarcane as Function of Variety and Ground Straw Management1

This study aims to verify the effect of crop varietal architecture and straw removal from planting rows in the occurrence of weeds in sugarcane and infer about the sustainability of the production system with no herbicide application. The experiment was established in 2011 in a randomized block design with split plots and four replications. Main plots were varieties IACSP95 5000 and SP91 1049. In the sub-plots there the straw removal was allocated (evenly scattered in the area, or concentrated in inter-rows). Assessments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 and the absolute levels of infestation, density, frequency and dominance of weed species were obtained. Areas were intra-characterized by the coefficients of Simpson and Shannon-Weiner and sustainability inferred by the SEP coefficient. Areas were grouped by the similarity coefficient of Jaccard. Other factors besides leaf architecture were more significant for level of infestation. Treatments with straw removal from planting rows were more infested than those with evenly scattered straw. In the second year of cultivation, those species most adapted to the system increased their importance value. Wild poinsettia was the dominant weed in all treatments, deserving attention from pre-planting on, to reducing its occurrence in the soil seed bank. Species diversity was higher where straw was evenly scattered due to the occurrence of species other than wild poinsettia. Sustainability was reduced from the first to the second year, indicating that only cultural practices are not enough, even with high shading provided by crop and straw production, demanding herbicides.

CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO PINHÃO-MANSO SUBMETIDO A DIFERENTES REGIMES HÍDRICOS EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTRÓFICO

The objective of this work was to evaluate different water regimes on initial growth and some physiological variables of physic nut ( Jatropha curcas L.) in dystrophic Haplustox. The experiment was carried under greenhouse conditions of the Embrapa Western Agriculture, located in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments corresponded to water regimes of 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% of the soil water retention capacity. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized with five treatments and five replicates. The evaluations of plants height, stem diameter and number of leaves were performed in six dates, while the variables stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were determined in two dates. At the end of experiment were evaluated the leaf area, dry mass of the leaves, petioles, stems and roots of all plants of physic nut. The water regimes of 60% and 80% of the soil water retention capacity provide the best responses to the physiological variables and of growth in the initial phase of physic nut. Available water contents in a dystrophic Haplustox, below of 60% and superiors the 80% of the soil water retention capacity induce signs of water stress in young plants of physic nut.